Epstein Data Wiki

Mark Tramo

Properties2
tagsperson, academia, neuroscience, institute-for-music-and-brain-science, science-philanthropy
aliasesMark Jude Tramo, Tramo, Mark, Mark Jude Tramo MD PhD, Tramo, Mark Jude

22 min read

Full nameMark Jude Tramo, M.D., Ph.D.1
InstitutionThe Institute for Music & Brain Science (“iMABS”), of which he is named Executive Director on its own letterhead and Director in its own proposals234
Academic posts given in the filesHarvard Faculties of Medicine and Arts & Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Neurology Attending Staff; M.I.T. Research Laboratory of Electronics, Research Affiliate, as printed on the Institute’s letterhead2; later Dept of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Dept of Musicology, UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music4
Money recorded$25,000 from The C.O.U.Q. Foundation to the Institute, 11/10/20065; $100,000 from Gratitude America, Ltd by cheque no. 307, 2/6/20176
SoughtA two-year, $502,080 grant for a clinical trial the proposal itself names after Epstein2789; support for a book, refused in writing on 10 June 201910
Recorded in the filesA grant to the Institute dated November 2006; correspondence and a Skype exchange running to 11 June 2019510

Mark Jude Tramo, M.D., Ph.D. is a neurologist and auditory neuroscientist. The Institute for Music & Brain Science, which names him Executive Director on its own letterhead and Director in its own proposals and correspondence,234 appears in the released files both as a recipient of Jeffrey Epstein’s charitable money and as a repeat applicant for more of it. Two payments are already recorded on this wiki under the Institute’s name rather than his: $25,000 from The C.O.U.Q. Foundation on 11/10/2006, and $100,000 from Gratitude America, Ltd by cheque no. 307 on 2/6/2017.56 Between and around those payments this page sets out two proposals from the Institute and one approach from Tramo himself. The Institute’s are a seventeen-sheet grant proposal headed “PROPOSAL FOR THE JEFFREY EPSTEIN FOUNDATION,” asking $502,080 over two years for a 300-subject neonatal trial whose title begins with Epstein’s name;27 and a proposal dated in its own running head to November 2008, to establish a private operating foundation, addressed to “Florida Science Foundation.”311 Tramo’s own is a Skype approach for support in May and June 2019, which Epstein refused.10 Other correspondence that reached Epstein’s files is set out below. Nothing on this page is a finding of wrongdoing by Tramo or by the Institute.

The proposal that carries Epstein’s name

The Institute’s grant proposal runs to seventeen sheets.2 Its first sheet is the Institute’s printed letterhead, headed “THE INSTITUTE FOR MUSIC & BRAIN SCIENCE,” with an Executive Board and an Advisory Board set out on either side of a device combining a brain, a musical note and several institutional shields. Tramo is the first name on the Executive Board, as “Mark Jude Tramo, MD, PhD, Executive Director.” Below the boards the same sheet carries the study title, “Effects of Early Auditory Enrichment on Language Acquisition and Cognitive Development in Critically-Ill Premature Infants,” and above it, in italic, the project name: “The Jeffrey Epstein Project for Brain Development in Critically-Ill Infants.”2

The second sheet is the proposal’s cover page. Its running head reads “MJ Tramo — GRANT PROPOSAL: The Jeffrey Epstein Project for Infant Brain Development,” and its heading is “PROPOSAL FOR THE JEFFREY EPSTEIN FOUNDATION.” The fields beneath give the project title as “The Jeffrey Epstein Project for Infant Brain Development: Effects of Early Auditory Enrichment on Language Acquisition and Cognitive Development in Critically-Ill Premature Infants”; the Principal investigator as “Mark Jude Tramo MD PhD”; four Co-Investigators; the Institution as “The Institute for Music & Brain Science”; a Total Budget of “$502,080”; a Length of study of “2 years”; 300 subjects; and an age of subjects of “24-60 wks gestational age at enrollment” with “1-60 months at long-term follow-up.”7 Epstein’s name therefore stands four times on this sheet, in two forms: the project name in the running head, in the “Project Title” field and in the first line of the “Objectives,” and “THE JEFFREY EPSTEIN FOUNDATION” in the heading. A further form of the project name stands on the sheet before it. “The Jeffrey Epstein Foundation” is the proposal’s own wording for the body it is addressed to. A search of the released corpus for that exact phrase returns it on 161 pages across 121 documents, so the wording is not peculiar to this proposal; but none of the documents cited on this page establishes it as a corporate name, and this page does not equate it with any of Epstein’s registered entities.

The proposal’s stated objectives are to “Quantify and objectify the benefits of non-pharmacological treatment — controlled auditory stimulation (e.g., vocal music during painful procedures; Tramo et al. 2006, Appendix) — on pain, stress, morbidity, mortality, and cost during the infants’ NICU stay, and on morbidity and cognitive development during the first 2 years of life,” and to “Conduct this initial trial with sufficient rigor and power to publish its results in high-impact, peer-reviewed medical journals … and qualify for funding of a large, multi-center clinical trial.”7

The itemised budget on the last two sheets, read at the image at 400 dpi, sets out what the $502,080 buys. Under PERSONNEL the Principal Investigator, “Mark Jude Tramo, MD PhD,” is costed at “$80k (40%)” in each of the two years; one co-investigator at “$40k (20%)” a year; the three others at “$0” against percentage efforts of 10, 5 and 5 per cent. Research assistants at two hospitals are costed at $30k each per year. The sheets give “DIRECT COSTS PER ANNUM” of “$211,900” and “$206,500,” “INDIRECT COSTS PER ANNUM (20%)” of “$42,380” and “$41,300,” “TOTAL COSTS PER ANNUM” of “$254,280” and “$247,800,” and “TOTAL FUNDS REQUESTED OVER 2-YEAR AWARD PERIOD = $502,080.”89 Each of those figures is printed with a dollar sign at the image. The text extraction of the two sheets renders several of them with a capital S in place of the dollar sign; that is a fault of the extraction, not a feature of the document, and no figure is given here in that form.

Neither cover sheet carries a date, read at the image. A scan of the text of all seventeen sheets returns no year later than 2009. It appears on two sheets, in each case where the proposal cites its own earlier work; on the second of them the citation reads “Tramo et al. (2006, 2009; Appendix)”. On that search the proposal was written in 2009 or later.1213 The released files cited here do not record any answer to it.

Both cover sheets carry a solid redaction bar, and the text extraction of this document closes both gaps and gives no sign that either exists. A reader working from the extraction alone would take both sheets for complete. The blocks concerned are withheld by the producing party, not absent from the document.27

The November 2008 proposal to found a foundation

A separate seven-sheet proposal from the Institute survives in the release.3 Its first sheet is again the letterhead, here giving Tramo as “Mark Jude Tramo, MD, PhD, Director” and carrying the Institute’s motto, “Hearing Healing & Helping Through Music,” above the headings “Executive Summary,” “Statement of Need” and “Solution.” Under “Solution” the first bullet names the instrument sought: “Found a 4942(j)(3) Private Operating Foundation whose Board members are affiliated with a major university, major medical center, and venture capitalists/entreneurs.” Every sheet after the first carries a running head reading “©2008 The Institute for Music & Brain Science” on the left and “Proposal: Florida Science Foundation 20081111” on the right.11

What it proposes is a body, not a project. Its programme is to “Conduct basic neuroscience research … using space and some resources provided by the affiliated university and major medical center … and other resources, related overhead, and all research salary and fringe paid by our Foundation”; to run clinical trials on “infants, children, and adults”; to “Develop and patent treatment protocols and devices”; to run educational trials “for teaching reading and math to elementary school children”; and to “Build the world’s first MusicMindBrain Database of behavioral, neural, and genetic data from all healthy and sick infants, children, and adults studied during the course of the above basic neuroscience research, clinical trials, and educational trials.” Under “Organization and Expertise” it states: “The following individuals are committed to participating in the research, clinical, and education activities of the proposed Private Operating Foundation. All that is needed for their participation is salary support for their efforts. A few individuals already have their salary guaranteed and are willing to participate pro bono, though typically their percent effort would be less than 10% because of other commitments.”11

The name in the running head is the proposal’s own. This wiki’s page on The C.O.U.Q. Foundation records that “The Florida Science Foundation” was registered as a Florida fictitious name of that foundation on 10 July 2008, four months before the date this proposal gives itself, and that Epstein then gave it as his employer on the work-release application made during his Florida sentence.14 The proposal itself names no officer of the body it addresses, and this page does not establish that it reached Epstein or anyone acting for him.

The money, and where it is already recorded

Both payments to the Institute are recorded elsewhere on this wiki, under the Institute’s name, and are not reproduced here.

The 2006 grant appears in Statement 6 to The C.O.U.Q. Foundation’s Form 990-PF for the year ending 28 February 2007, which lists every contribution the foundation paid that year: “The Institute for Music & Brain Science,” $25,000, unrestricted, dated 11/10/2006. It sits in that list between a $5,000 grant on 10/5/2006 and a $100,000 grant to Harvard on 11/16/2006.5 The full list is set out on the C.O.U.Q. Foundation page.

The 2017 payment is one of the Gratitude America cheques imaged in the Deutsche Bank production, and the cheque table on the Gratitude America page carries it as cheque no. 307, 2/6/2017, $100,000.6 Read at the image at 400 dpi, the cheque adds what a table row cannot. It is drawn on Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, New York, by “GRATITUDE AMERICA, LTD.” The payee line reads “The Institute for Music & Brain Science” and the amount is written out as “One Hundred Thousand and 00/100.” The block beneath names the payee more fully: “The Institute for Music & Brain Science / Mark Tramo MD PhD.” The cheque is signed in ink: the stroke width varies, the signature sits off the baseline, and it runs across both the printed rule and the printed words “AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE” beneath it. The signature is not legible and this page does not identify the signer. The cheque carries one solid redaction bar. The foot of the sheet carries two legends, “CONFIDENTIAL - PURSUANT TO FED. R. CRIM. P. 6(e)” and “CONFIDENTIAL”; they are printed there by the producing party and are not marks on the instrument.6

The Institute’s own funding record

A search of the release for curriculum vitae of Tramo carrying a “DATE PREPARED” field returns two that give 1 June 2010, both of fifteen sheets.15 The copy cited here carries a section headed “B. Funding Information,” which runs across two sheets.1617 Its “Research Funding” list names thirteen awards, in this order: the National Institute of Neurological & Communicative Disorders & Stroke; the National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke; the Office of Naval Research; the National Institute of Mental Health; the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; the National Institute of Mental Health again; the McDonnell-Pew Foundation; the National Organization for Hearing Research; the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders again; the “Gordon and Llura Gund Research Award, Mind/Brain/Behavior Initiative, Harvard University”; the “Peabody Charitable Foundation”; “2002-current, The Institute for Music & Brain Science, Principal Investigator, ‘Program in Auditory Neuroscience’”; and “2009-current, Grammy Foundation Research Award, Principal Investigator, ‘Treatment of Iatrogenic Pain and Stress in Critically-Ill Premature Infants’”. The two awards from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders are separated by three other funders on the sheet. An “Education Funding” list follows, naming the National Institute for Mental Health, the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities.1617

Read to the end of that section, the list names no Epstein foundation or Epstein-connected entity. That is a statement about what this list contains, and not a claim about the record: the C.O.U.Q. payment of November 2006 had been made three and a half years earlier, and the same list carries a line for the Institute itself as a funder of his work from 2002. The Grammy Foundation award named on that list, “Treatment of Iatrogenic Pain and Stress in Critically-Ill Premature Infants,” is the same line of work that the proposal addressed to “The Jeffrey Epstein Foundation” asks Epstein to fund.177

December 2014: the Institute’s board circular

On 15 December 2014 Tramo sent a circular opening “Dear iMABS Board Members, Colleagues & Friends,” reporting that he and colleagues at the University of California had been awarded a planning grant “by the UC Office of Research & Grants to advance research and education at the interface of music, neuroscience and medicine across all UC campuses,” and naming the team. It closes: “All the best this holiday season, with thanks for your support, teaching, and friendship, / Cheers, / Mark.”1819 It is a circular to a distribution list, and a copy of it reached Epstein’s files. Its subject is a University of California grant; it names no Epstein entity and asks for nothing. The sign-off is the circular’s general close to its whole list, and this page does not read it as thanks addressed to any one recipient.

June 2017: the CV and the course proposal reach Epstein

On 9 June 2017, four months after cheque 307, a message reached Epstein’s address carrying two attachments named in its header, “UndergraduateCourseDevelopmentProposal20170509.pdf” and “DrTramoCV20170410.pdf,” under the subject line “Mark Tramo.” Its own header is dated “Fri, 09 Jun 2017 18:21:15 +0000,” and it is addressed, as the sheet spells it, to “Jefffrey Epstein.”4 The sheet carries five solid redaction bars, and this page prints no value behind any of them.

Beneath it sits the message being forwarded, from “MARK TRAMO” and dated on its own face “June 9, 2017 at 2:13:47 PM EDT.” The sheet prints a zone on each of the two headers, and read together they place the forward within eight minutes of the message it carries. It is addressed to a UCLA professor and concerns a lunch, and then: “I’m attaching the Course Development Proposal and CV Dean Judi Smith requested last month in advance of her meeting with Victoria re: adjunct professorship and support for an Auditory Neuroscience of Music, Speech & Voice Perception course that, like my Music Mind & Brain advanced topics seminar (MusInd 103), would be accredited for majors and minors in the Cognitive Science, Psychobiology, Neuroscience, Musicology, Ethnomusicology, Music Industry. and Integrative Biology & Physiology undergraduate programs at the School of Letters & Sciences.” It continues: “Thank you again so very much for your time and interest and for joining The Institute for Music & Brain Science Board - information about the Board and iMABS’ mission is posted at http://www.BrainMusic.org. I will try to schedule a Board meeting in the next few weeks via Google Hangout.” Tramo signs as “Director, The Institute for Music & Brain Science” and “Co-Director, University of California Multi-Campus Music Research Initiative (UC MERCI).”4

May and June 2019: the approach and the refusal

An export from the Skype account “jeevacation” records a month of exchanges with Tramo, beginning on 2019/05/11 and ending on 2019/06/11.10 The export’s header states “Timezone: UTC+0000,” so its clock is UTC; Tramo’s own messages supply the local equivalent, as set out below. Each call entry is printed twice on these sheets, and so is one message; no count of calls is given here, and the duplicate message is not counted twice below.

On 2019/05/11 the log records missed calls placed from the account the export was taken from to Tramo. From 2019/05/26 Tramo’s own missed calls begin, placed to that account, and it is Tramo who writes; but the traffic that day runs both ways. On 26 May the account placed an outgoing call to him that connected for seventeen minutes and twenty-two seconds; later that evening a missed call from the account to him was followed, within the same minute, by an incoming call from him that connected for eighteen minutes and nineteen seconds. That day he also sent “Hi Jeffrey - Checking in Sunday 1155A - Mark” and, in a later message of his own, ”… = 1155A LA time”, his own gloss on the hour he had named and the only statement of local time on these sheets.10 Short messages from him continue through the fortnight that follows: “Hi Jeffrey - Checking in…”; “Hi Jeffrey - Checking in… Now a good time or later? - M”; “Hi Jeffrey - checking in - Mark”; “Hi Jeffery - checking in Sat 6/8…”; “Still here if you're around…”; “Heading out for a bit…will check back in when I return…”; “OK - back on…hoping you have about 5 mins to finish our conversation…”10

Two replies from the account interrupt them. On 2019/06/03: “Try Wednesday”. On 2019/06/05, after Tramo’s “Hi Jeffrey - checking in - Mark”: “working better weekends. . nothing really new. i have not had a minute”. Tramo answered: “thx for reply…sent drafts of book outline and a recent memo sent to iMABS Board…will check in Saturdayxxx”.10

On 2019/06/10 Tramo named the subject only as “support”: “Checking out… Hope all is well… Looking forward to succinctly finishing the conversation we started a couple of weeks ago re: support…” Two replies came from the account that morning. The first reads “Sorry let’s try Tuesday”. The second says what was being asked for:

I am involved in a large transaction that is taking my time. your support is not easy . I cannot support a book effort, the charity cannot be seen to be behind profit generating projects. . and I have been racking my brain to see how you can fit in the overall goals of the org. talk tuesday

Tramo replied: “Thank you - Yes, understood re charity… Best of luck w/ your transaction - apologies for the distraction… Will check in Tuesdayxxx”. The next day he wrote, “Hi Jeffrey - just sent you and email with attachments…will stay on Skype into tonight in case you get a chance to connect…hope all is well with your large project. Gratefully, Mark”, and a call of three minutes and twenty-eight seconds followed from the account. That is the last entry in the export.10 Quotations from this export carry the spellings and characters the sheets print, including the literal “'” the export left standing where an apostrophe belongs. The sheets separate some words and sentences by runs of two or more spaces: the block quotation above reproduces them, and the short quotations are set with single spaces. Punctuation outside the quotation marks is this page’s own.

The list of scientists

A single sheet in the release, headed “List of Scientists!” and carrying neither date nor author line, names fourteen people in this order: George Church, Mark Tramo, Marvin Minsky, “DR. Elkhnon Goldberg,” Ben Goertzel, Martin Nowak, Seth Lloyd, Stephen Kosslyn, “Jerry Edelman,” “Murray Gel Mann,” “Prof. Mandelbrot,” Richard Axel, Howard Gardner and Lawrence Krauss.20 Tramo is second on it. Marvin Minsky, Martin Nowak and Lawrence Krauss have pages on this wiki. The sheet states no purpose and names nobody as its author, and this page draws nothing from it beyond the fact that the name appears there.

Statements

No statement by Tramo about Epstein, made outside the correspondence itself, is recorded on this page. His own words in the released files are quoted throughout it, including his answer to the June 2019 refusal: “Thank you - Yes, understood re charity…”10 No request to him for comment, and no answer to one, appears in the documents cited here.

Footnotes

  1. The same curriculum vitae, sheet 1, “PART I: General Information,” giving “DATE PREPARED: June 1, 2010” and, under “Name,” “Mark Jude Tramo, M.D., Ph.D.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA01100074 p.1. ↩

  2. The Institute for Music & Brain Science, grant proposal, 17 sheets, sheet 1 (letterhead and title page). Read at the image at 400 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00296820 p.1. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8

  3. The Institute for Music & Brain Science, proposal, 7 sheets, sheet 1 (letterhead, “Executive Summary,” “Statement of Need,” “Solution”). Read at the image at 300 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00301025 p.1. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  4. Message forwarded to Epstein, subject “Mark Tramo,” dated “Fri, 09 Jun 2017 18:21:15 +0000,” enclosing a message from “MARK TRAMO” dated “June 9, 2017 at 2:13:47 PM EDT.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. The stray full stop in “Music Industry. and” is on the sheet and is not repaired here; the extraction of the attachment name reads “Proposa1” where the sheet prints a letter l. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00680692 p.1. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  5. The C.O.U.Q. Foundation, Form 990-PF for the year ending February 28, 2007, Statement 6, contributions paid: “The Institute for Music & Brain Science,” 11/10/2006, 25,000, Unrestricted. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00190062 p.17. Unverified for this page, from a search hit: this sheet was not read at the image for this page. The same sheet is read at the image and set out in full on the C.O.U.Q. Foundation page, which is where the row should be cited from. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  6. Gratitude America, Ltd cheque no. 307, February 6, 2017, $100,000, payee “The Institute for Music & Brain Science.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA01348706 p.1. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4

  7. The same proposal, sheet 2, the cover page headed “PROPOSAL FOR THE JEFFREY EPSTEIN FOUNDATION.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00296820 p.2. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  8. The same proposal, sheet 16, “ITEMIZED BUDGET,” personnel. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Every currency figure on this sheet is printed with a dollar sign; the extraction of it renders several of those signs as a capital S. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00296820 p.16. ↩ ↩2

  9. The same proposal, sheet 17, equipment, supplies and totals, ending “TOTAL FUNDS REQUESTED OVER 2-YEAR AWARD PERIOD = $502,080.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. Every currency figure on this sheet is printed with a dollar sign, and the nil entries are printed as a bare 0. The extraction of the sheet renders several of those dollar signs as a capital S, so a page quoting from the extraction would print characters the document does not carry. The two annual totals were re-derived at the image: 211,900 + 42,380 = 254,280; 206,500 + 41,300 = 247,800; the two sum to 502,080. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00296820 p.17. ↩ ↩2

  10. Skype export from the account “jeevacation,” 8 sheets, covering 2019/05/11 to 2019/06/11, header “Timezone: UTC+0000.” All eight sheets read at the image, sheets 1–7 at 400 dpi and sheet 8 at 600 dpi. The extraction of these sheets differs from them in several places: it reads “about S mins” on sheet 7 where the sheet prints the digit 5, “Sorry lees try Tuesday” on the same sheet where the sheet prints “Sorry let’s try Tuesday,” and “05:55:43 pm” on sheet 3 where the sheet prints “06:55:43 pm”; it drops the leading ellipsis of ”… = 1155A LA time”; and it collapses the sheets’ runs of two or more spaces throughout. Every quotation taken from this document was checked against the image. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA01614793 pp.1–8. ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6 ↩7 ↩8 ↩9

  11. The same proposal, sheet 2, running head “©2008 The Institute for Music & Brain Science / Proposal: Florida Science Foundation 20081111,” and the “Organization and Expertise” section. Read at the image at 300 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00301025 p.2. ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  12. The same proposal, sheet 5, carrying a citation by the principal investigator to his own work of 2006 and 2009. Read at the image at 400 dpi: the sheet prints the surname correctly, and it is the extraction of this sheet that damages it, so no citation is quoted from here. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00296820 p.5. ↩

  13. The same proposal, sheet 10, citing “Tramo et al. (2006, 2009; Appendix)”. Read at the image at 400 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00296820 p.10. ↩

  14. See The C.O.U.Q. Foundation for the fictitious-name registration of 8–10 July 2008 and the work-release correspondence, with their own sources. ↩

  15. A full-text search of the release for “Mark Jude Tramo” together with “DATE PREPARED” returns eight curriculum vitae productions. On the extraction of their first sheets six carry later dates; the two that carry 1 June 2010 are the production cited here and a second, https://epstein-data.com/EFTA02682618 p.1, whose first sheet was read at the image at 400 dpi and prints “DATE PREPARED: June 1, 2010.” Both productions run to fifteen sheets. Nothing else on this page is taken from the second copy. ↩

  16. Curriculum vitae of Mark Jude Tramo, M.D., Ph.D., sheet 5, beginning “B. Funding Information.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. The running head of this sheet reads “Mark Jude Tramo, April 2009,” which the document’s own date-prepared field on sheet 1 does not match. Only sheets 1, 5 and 6 of this production are cited on this page. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA01100074 p.5. ↩ ↩2

  17. The same curriculum vitae, sheet 6, completing the “Research Funding” list and carrying “Education Funding.” Read at the image at 400 dpi. The sheet prints “Treatment of Iatrogenic Pain and Stress in Critically-Ill Premature Infants” with a capital I; the extraction reads “latrogenic,” so the word cannot be found by search on this sheet. The “Education Funding” list prints “National Institute for Mental Health,” with “for,” and is quoted that way. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA01100074 p.6. ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  18. Mark Jude Tramo, circular of December 15, 2014, “Institute for Music & Brain Science/Univ of California Intercampus Initiative,” sheet 1. Read at the image at 300 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA02087547 p.1. ↩

  19. The same circular, sheet 2, carrying the sign-off and signature block. Read at the image at 300 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA02087547 p.2. ↩

  20. Single sheet headed “List of Scientists!”, no date and no author line. Read at the image at 300 dpi. https://epstein-data.com/EFTA00306077 p.1. ↩

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