Madars Virza

How he appears in these documents	Writing to Jeffrey Epstein in his own voice under the sender name “Madars Virza”, signing every message “Madars”1234
Described in the released files as	”Madars Virza / Research Scientist / MIT Media Lab”, in his own printed signature block56
What Epstein’s office called him	”Madars Virza (Joi Ito’s friend)” — the office’s own standing formula on its day sheets7
How the correspondence began	An introduction by the cryptographer Jeremy Rubin on 21 October 2015, addressed to Epstein and Virza together with Joichi Ito copied, under the subject “Skype with Madars:“8
Span of the record	21 October 2015 to 3 May 2019, measured over a floor of 301 documents9810
The subject matter of the correspondence	Cryptocurrency, the tax treatment of cryptocurrency, Catholic liturgy, and recreational mathematics. Nothing else appears in the documents read for this page
What he sent Epstein	The Zcash company’s tax memorandum on 22 March 2018, and on 2 April 2018 a forward of his own draft Schedule K-1 from the company, with his coin position and his intentions for it set out in the covering message21
What Epstein did with it	Put it to his own accountants. On 12 July 2017 he wrote to Alan Dlugash and Richard Kahn: “after you review madrs stuff give me a ring”. Dlugash answered the same day that he was “Ready for a first discussion of his questions, the structure, and the tax consequences”1112
Whom Epstein introduced him to	Steve Bannon. On 24 March 2018 Epstein forwarded one of Virza’s messages to Bannon under a two-word covering note: “Coin guy”13
What no document read for this page shows	Any payment or transfer between them; any appearance by him on a flight, at Little St. James or at any Epstein property other than the New York house; any contact after 3 May 201914

Dr Madars Virza is a cryptographer. He is a co-inventor of Zerocash and a co-founder of Zcash, the privacy cryptocurrency built on it, and at the time of this correspondence he was a research scientist at the MIT Media Lab, in its Digital Currency Initiative. His own website describes him as “Zcash Co-founder · Radius Chief Scientist”.¹⁵ MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative announced in 2024 that he had received an IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy Test of Time Award for “Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin”, a paper he co-authored in 2014.¹⁶

Documents released by the Justice Department under the Epstein Files Transparency Act record three and a half years of contact between Virza and Jeffrey Epstein, from an introduction in October 2015 to a text message in May 2019, two months before Epstein’s arrest. Over that period Epstein took an interest in Virza’s cryptographic work, offered to pay for his adviser, put his own accountants on Virza’s tax position, was sent the Zcash company’s tax memorandum and Virza’s own draft partnership return, told him in a Skype message to sell an economic interest, discussed with him the legal structuring of digital assets, and forwarded one of his messages to Steve Bannon.

This page makes no allegation of wrongdoing against him. Nothing in the documents read for it suggests any knowledge of or involvement in the conduct for which Epstein was charged. He is a living adult, named in the documents in the clear and named here in full. No response by him to any of these documents appears in the release, and searches described below located no public statement by him about them; none is reproduced here.

Three things to get right before reading further

First, the forename alone is the better search key, and this is the whole measurement problem on this subject. The phrase "Madars Virza" returns 122 documents. The bare forename madars returns 265. The surname alone returns 125, and the field-reversed form "Virza Madars" returns 7. The union of those four clean forms is 266 documents, and 141 of them carry the forename and not the surname at all. Every one of those 141 was read in context and every one is him; the corpus holds no second Madars. A page built on the full name would have missed more than half the record, including the message in which Epstein instructs his accountants and the message in which he offers to pay for Virza’s adviser.⁹¹¹¹⁷

Second, the correspondents and the scanner both mangle the name, and some of the damage is a person mistyping rather than an optical fault. Epstein wrote madrs, madaris and madaras; the export produced mafaras; Lesley Groff’s reply once reads Madams. Four of those forms reach documents outside every clean name query. One of Epstein’s own habits compounded it: he wrote the forenames of two people in a row with no punctuation, so that “jeremy madaras” reads as a single person. His assistant took it that way, and on 29 May 2018 Epstein had to correct her: “Three separte. Jeremy Rubin. /Madars Joi Ito’s friend”.¹⁸¹⁹

Third, the chat exports on these sheets interleave separate conversations, and adjacency is not a thread. On the Skype export sheets, consecutive blocks frequently belong to different correspondents, most of them barred. A message sitting immediately above or below one of Virza’s is not a reply to it and is very often not from him. The corpus text layer collapses the sender labels and makes the interleaving invisible; at the image, each block prints its own Sender: line. One message the text layer appears to place in Virza’s mouth, a thank-you for money received on 19 May 2018, carries a barred sender on the sheet and is not attributed to him here or anywhere on this page.²⁰²¹

The introduction, October 2015

On Wednesday 21 October 2015 at 3:04 a.m. by the produced header, the cryptographer Jeremy Rubin wrote to “Jeffrey Epstein; Madars Virza”, copying “Joichi Ito”, under the subject line “Skype with Madars:”. The sheet carries quoted-printable transmission damage on its face, and is quoted here as it prints:

Hi Jeffrey,

I wanted to introduce you to Madars,=one of the most brilliant cryptographers I know. Among other things, he wo=ks on the zerocash project, a cryptocurrency with anonymity over sender, r=cipient, and amount (and theoretically, any arbitrary invariant can be kep= without revealing the underlying data — maybe you can help Madars think =f some compelling real world invariants).

Hopefully you can find a =ime to chat! Madars is in the Bay area currently, if you find yourself out=that way you could meet in person.

Rubin’s sender address is barred; the message closes “Cheers, / Jeremy” over a barred value and a link to his Twitter profile.⁸

Two points are worth fixing precisely. The introduction ran through the MIT Media Lab, and the Media Lab’s director was on the copy line from the first message. And the thing Rubin was introducing was not a person in the abstract but a specific technical capability: a currency that hides sender, recipient and amount, with the property, as Rubin put it, that any arbitrary invariant can be proved without revealing the data behind it. The Media Lab’s wider funding relationship with Epstein is not restated here; it belongs to joi-ito and mit-media-lab.

The release holds one earlier document on the same subject that does not mention Virza. On 26 August 2014, more than a year before the introduction, Vincenzo Iozzo wrote to Epstein, copying Joi Ito, under the subject “zero knowledge proof/SNARK”, describing ZeroCash as “essentially a ‘privacy preserving’ version of Bitcoin”.²² It is the only document in the release reached by the search terms "zk-SNARK" or zksnark.

Rubin appears again on 2 April 2016, writing to Epstein under the subject “re: today”: “Madars found it =ngaging and will probably come up with some clever ideas by next time…”²³

On Friday 22 July 2016 Ito put him on a guest list, and the forename is transposed on the face of the sheet. At 20:29:14 +0000 Ito wrote to Epstein under the subject “Sunday”:

Hey. Just locking in Sunday. 1:30PM at my house?

Reid, Danny, Vincenzo, Jeremy, Larry?

Who else should we invite? I have a few others around… we could invite Neri, Kevin Esvelt, Joscha, Madras…

What do you think?

• Joi

Epstein answered ninety seconds later, at 20:30:44 +0000 on the same produced clock:

josch definitley, neri if you like, larrry cant make it. no kevin, madras ok. . did anything interesting come out of either yesterday or today?

“Madras” is what both sheets print at 600 dpi: the transposition is on the page, not in the extraction. This page reads it as Virza, on three grounds stated rather than assumed. It stands last in a list Ito wrote of people he could invite from his own institution, nine months after the introduction that ran through him; the corpus holds no second Madars; and the other 56 documents returned by the token madras are scanner damage, a Bronx restaurant and a firm of solicitors, with no person of that name among them. The sheets do not spell the surname, and no document read for this page records whether the Sunday gathering happened or who attended. Five copies of this exchange are in the release and not one is reached by any query on madars or virza; they were found only by the vocabulary enumeration set out at the end of this page, and they are counted into the floor there.²⁴²⁵

2017: “only Madars is a member of my own ‘research team’”

By April 2017 Virza is on Ito’s short list of who Epstein should meet at the Media Lab. Proposing a retreat, Ito wrote: “Ed, Caleb (OpenAg), Madars and me so far.”²⁶ In an SMS run with Epstein, Ito was more precise about the relationship. The message is a left-aligned grey bubble carrying the avatar initials “JI”, beneath the printed label “Joi Ito”; Epstein’s side of the same run is right-aligned and blue. Eight of the attributed lines on that sheet were re-derived at the image, and the message reads:

Btw, of that crew, only Madars is a member of my own “research team”

²⁷

At the end of June 2017 the contact became direct and immediately financial. On 29 June Ito wrote: “Looks like only Madars free tomorrow. Is that OK?”; Epstein answered “great”.²⁸²⁹ The next day Epstein sent a message to Alan Dlugash and Joi Ito whose entire body is three words, “Joi Alan madaris”, one of the two-way introductions he made habitually.³⁰ Ito replied “Adding Madars.” the same evening.¹⁷

On Saturday 1 July 2017 Epstein wrote to Ito, opening “thanks for yesterday.” The sentence that matters is the second:

thanks for yesterday. i will pay for madars advisor. he can return the favor sometime. …

¹⁷

Five days later Epstein wrote to Ito again: “madars did not call alan”.³¹ Two days after that, on 8 July 2017, he wrote a single line:

mongolia will let us play in the digital currency world if you and madars are interested

³²

What “alan” meant became explicit on 12 July. On Wednesday 12 July 2017 at 8:56 a.m. by the quoted header, Epstein wrote to Alan J Dlugash and Richard Kahn, his accountants, under a blank subject line. The message is one sentence:

after you review madrs stuff give me a ring

Dlugash answered at 6:28 p.m. on the same clock:

Ready for a first discussion of his questions, the structure, and the tax consequences.

I’m free today until 7, tomorrow 10-11 or 2:30-4, or Friday from 10:30 AM (except 12:30-2)

Let me know if you would like me to reach out to Madars before we speak.

Alan

Epstein’s reply, fourteen minutes later, is one word: “?number”. Dlugash’s signature block reads “Alan J Dlugash / Alan J Dlugash LLC / 767 3rd Avenue, 36th floor / New York, NY. 10017”.¹¹¹²

Stated plainly: within twelve days of meeting Virza, Epstein had offered to pay for his adviser and had put his own accountants on Virza’s questions, his structure and his tax consequences. The release records the instruction, the accountant’s readiness and his offer to approach Virza directly. It does not record what was said in the discussion that followed, and no document read for this page records any fee, payment or transfer in either direction.

On 22 November 2017 Ito gave Epstein a progress report. The message runs, in full, “Lots of stuff going on that week but I’m in town.” / “#metoo is quite amazing…” / and then:

Madars is doing well. His PhD paper won an award and he found a vulnerability in ING’s new crypto currency.

The corpus text layer renders the bank’s name as LNG. Two independently produced copies of this message, one in the Justice Department’s EFTA production and one in the House Oversight production, both print ING at the image.³³

The Digital Currency Initiative, January to February 2018

Virza appears in the release under his full name in Media Lab scheduling traffic. A calendar item for Friday 12 January 2018 reads “Meeting - Jeffrey, Neha, Rob, Madars & Joi re: DCI @ Joi’s house”, with the body line “1:30-2:30 - Meeting with Digital Currency Initiative - Rob Ali, Madars Virza and Neha Narula”; a second copy of the same item is a cancellation notice.³⁴³⁵ On 16 February 2018 Yuko Barnaby, writing as “Assistant to the Director / MIT Media Lab”, set out the afternoon: “I don’t believe that they’ll need much for 3pm (just Joi) and 4pm (Joi, Neha Narula, Rob Ali, Tadge Dryja and Madars Vir[za].)”³⁶

Neha Narula, named on both, is Virza’s co-author on the zkLedger paper; MIT’s own announcement of Virza’s 2024 award names her as such. No document read for this page states her role at the Digital Currency Initiative and none is supplied here.¹⁶

March 2018: “no one is aware of who Madars is”

On Tuesday 20 March 2018 at 7:56 a.m. Epstein wrote a one-line instruction:

lets set up a boston trip for sudnay . martin , joi , madars. hopkins. summers. etc.

His assistant Lesley Groff wrote back the same day. Both stamps print the date 20 March 2018 on their own faces, but they are on different clocks and no interval between them is computed here:

I have confirmed Martin (11am), Joi (12pm) and Joscha (time pending) for Sunday March 25th…still waiting to hear back from Summers. Martin will reach out to Hopkins…no one is aware of who Madars is…please help!

³⁷³⁸

She was not alone. Katherine Gallagher, coordinator of Martin Nowak’s Program for Evolutionary Dynamics at Harvard, answered Groff the same afternoon: “Martin is looking forward to meeting with Jeffrey at 11am on Sunday. We can absolutely reach out to Mike Hopkins, but unfortunately we’re not sure who Madars is. :-)”³⁹

Epstein’s answer routed the problem back to the Media Lab: “joi ito needs to be included with others he knows madars”.⁴⁰ Ito took it: “I’ll ping Madars and think of some other - assume Jeffrey has others too right?”, then “Yes. So me at noon, then Madars at 1PM or something like that?”, then “So noon-2 for me. I’ll have Madars come at 1PM.”⁴¹⁴² By the eve of the visit the schedule had settled to “11am Martin / 12pm Joi / 1pm Joi and Madars / 3pm Joscha / 4pm JE to drive to Larry Summers home”.⁴³⁴⁴

This is the sharpest single fact about Virza’s position in the file. In March 2018 Epstein’s own assistant of many years, and the coordinator of the Harvard laboratory he was visiting, both had to ask who Madars was. He was known to Epstein directly and through Ito, and to almost nobody else in the apparatus around him. The office solved the problem by inventing a standing formula: from this point its day sheets read “Appt w/Madars Virza (Joi Ito’s friend)”.⁷

Zcash: the tax memo and the K-1

Three days before that Sunday, on Thursday 22 March 2018 at 22:55:19 +0000, Virza wrote to Epstein under the subject “Zcash tax memo”, attaching a file named Zcash_Tax_Memo_-_Final03.22.2018.pdf:

Might be of interest. According to the company’s counsel:

• company retaining the coins (before distributing them to partners) does not realize income (best analogies via natural resource mining / sale and simultaneous retention in real property);

• distribution of coins to the partners does not result in recognition of a gain (at least not by a reason of Zcash being a “marketable security”)

Of course while the case law in support of those positions is interesting (at least to me) one does recognize that the official guidance is rather sparse…

Both are favorable and I’m sure you would have told me the same but maybe the full analysis gives something new :)

²

Epstein’s files hold what appears to be the underlying instrument. EFTA00811130 is a memorandum on Perkins Coie letterhead dated 22 March 2018, addressed “TO: The Zerocoin Electric Coin Company”, “RE: Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences Applicable to Retention and Distribution of Zcash”. It sets out the same two positions. The release also holds two further internal Zerocoin Electric Coin Company documents in Epstein’s files: a one-page “Tax Returns Update” of 1 March 2017, and a memorandum of 1 June 2017 on the company’s letterhead from its chief executive Zooko Wilcox, addressed “To: Founders’ Reward Recipients (ZECC Founders, Investors, Employees & Advisors)” and opening “Dear Zcash Founders”.⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷ No covering message accompanies any of the three on the sheets read for this page, and no document read for this page records how they reached his files or in what capacity, if any, he held them. The question is set out below under what the record does not show.

On Monday 2 April 2018 at 20:28:52 +0000, Virza forwarded Epstein a message he had received an hour earlier from Margaret Baily, “Executive Assistant to Zooko Wilcox / The Zerocoin Electric Coin Company”, enclosing his own draft partnership return. The attachment on the face of the sheet is a PDF named for a 2017 draft Schedule K-1 in his own name. His covering message reads:

Just got schedule K-1’s from Zcash.

Nothing too surprising here: ~$200k is what I got from auctions, and the “ordinary business income” + “long term capital gain” columns correspond to the coins that company sold to finance its operations; we should be getting a draw to cover the corresponding taxes.

All of my coins are still maintained by the company. We want to move on getting them out though:

Zcash will have a “fork” in the chain; it is expect that only one branch will be ilve after this (it won’t be a controversial fork like Ethereum vs Ethereum Classic), but if we have physical control over the keys, we can benefit from both branches (in case it is controversial), while if we wait to get coins out, we will only get the company-endorsed branch.

Can I call you some day?

Madars

¹

The figure is a caution about the corpus, not about the document. The text layer renders it -4200k. At 400 dpi the sheet prints ~$200k, a dollar sign the extraction read as the digit 4. The word “ilve” is what the sheet prints and is the sender’s own typing.¹⁴⁸

”Coin guy”: Bannon, and the “school of the right”

On Saturday 24 March 2018 at 5:32 p.m. Virza sent Epstein a message headed “For Steve” recommending Mass times in Cambridge and Boston: “There is 11am Mass (a very reverend Ordinary Form Mass, can recommend) a block or two from Martin Nowak’s lab” … “I presume Steve might be going to anticipatory Mass tonight but maybe the above is helpful :-)”.¹³

The same evening, at 21:43:03 +0000 by the produced header, Epstein forwarded it to Steve Bannon. The two stamps are on different clocks and no interval between them is computed here. His covering note is two words:

Coin guy

¹³

The exchange that followed runs across the Sunday of the Harvard visit. At 8:48 p.m. on Sunday 25 March 2018, Epstein wrote to Virza:

steve madars madars steve students in the ” school of the right” :) . can pay tuition. . get credits. students can exchange ” knowledge ” tax free under the school umbrella , knowledge can take many forms . similar to coins :)

On Tuesday 27 March at 23:50:20 +0000 by the produced header, Virza replied to Epstein and copied Steve Bannon, attaching a paper called The_Logic_of_Gift.pdf. Epstein’s 8:48 p.m. stamp of the Sunday is a zoneless quoted header and this one is produced: they are on different clocks and no interval between them is computed here. His message opens:

Thank you, Jeffrey! This Sunday was magical and I’d be very much interested to be in the school :)

It goes on to discuss whether endorsements should require counter-endorsement, quotes at length from an interview with Shimon Peres on giving versus exchanging, quotes the attached paper on the logic of gift, and closes “I’m in New York quite often this semester and would be very happy to meet up if you have time :-) / Thanks again, / Madars”.⁴

Two things should be separated here. The “school of the right” is Epstein’s construction, not Virza’s: in the printed sequence it is Epstein who proposes tuition, credits and the tax-free exchange of “knowledge” under a school umbrella, and Virza who answers that he would be interested to be in it. And the document establishes a communication, not a relationship: it shows Epstein putting Virza and Bannon in contact under the label “Coin guy”, and Virza replying to both. No document read for this page records any meeting, transaction or further correspondence between Virza and Bannon.

May 2018: “lets sell the econmoic interst asap”

On Thursday 17 May 2018 at 19:02:12 UTC, in a Skype run whose sender line prints “Sender: Self ( jeevacation )” and whose participant line prints “Participants: Madars ( madars314 ), Self ( jeevacation )”, Epstein wrote to Virza:

lets sell the econmoic interst asap

⁴⁹

The messages immediately above and below that line on the same sheet belong to different, barred correspondents and are not part of this exchange. They are not quoted or characterised here.²¹

Four days later, on 21 May 2018, the two had an exchange about the legal structuring of digital assets. All six blocks on the sheet are stamped UTC by the export itself and are therefore on one clock, and all six were re-derived at the image from their printed Sender: lines.

time (UTC)	sender as printed	message
11:21:51	Self ( jeevacation )	“a tenants in common structure is very problematic for gov . very . another jeffrey nightmare”
13:08:38	Madars ( madars314 )	“interesting! can this get even more confusing in the digital realm? …“
13:10:39	Self ( jeevacation )	“much”
13:15:59	Madars ( madars314 )	“it could make for a very interesting New York discussion! I’m very curious what’s the level of confusion when these things are taken to their logical conclusion. just like split keys where it is a priori not known how many are there so you can’t price them, etc”
13:18:40	Self ( jeevacation )	“open questions , added complications, jurisdiction, nominees? custodianship. power of attny, condtional receipt. constructive sale. etc.”

⁵⁰

That list of Epstein’s, being jurisdiction, nominees, custodianship, power of attorney, conditional receipt, constructive sale, is a list of the devices by which beneficial ownership is separated from legal ownership. What the document shows is Epstein raising them with a cryptographer whose invention makes ownership unobservable, and the cryptographer answering that the digital case would be more confusing still. It does not show that either of them acted on it, and no document read for this page records any structure, entity or instrument arising from the exchange.

29 May 2018: the meeting, and a joke about the Daily Mail

On 29 May 2018 Epstein’s office set about arranging a meeting. Groff wrote to Ito: “Jeffrey is asking me to try and set up a meeting with your friend Madars. Might you be able to send me an email address for this person so I may coordinate?”⁵¹ The same morning Epstein corrected her reading of one of his own messages: “Three separte. Jeremy Rubin. /Madars Joi Ito’s friend”.¹⁸

Contact was made. At 3:36 p.m. an assistant wrote to Virza: “Hello Madars. Jeffrey will be in NY this Sunday June 3rd and is asking if you might be available to come see him…possible 6pm? Please let me know.!”, giving the address of Epstein’s house. Virza replied at 4:13 p.m.: “Yes, I’m in town all week and would be absolutely delighted to meet. In particular, 6pm on Sunday would work for me.” At 8:39:57 p.m. by the produced header he answered a follow-up from the office with a joke:

Sure — it’d be fun to see my phone number in Daily Mail. I kid, I kid — Madars

His signature block on that sheet prints in bold type: “Madars Virza / Research Scientist / MIT Media Lab / web: madars.org”.⁵

The meeting is on the office’s own day sheet for the following weekend, and there were two of them: “3:00pm Appt w/Madars Virza (Joi Ito’s friend)” on Sunday 3 June 2018, and “11:30am Appt w/Madars Virza (Joi Ito’s friend)” on Monday 4 June. Jeremy Rubin has appointments at 5:00 p.m. on the Sunday and 9:30 a.m. on the Monday; Michael Wolff has lunch at 12:30 p.m. on the Sunday.⁷

Autumn 2018: stablecoins, and a silence

On 28 September 2018 Epstein wrote to Ito: “have not heard back from madaras/?” Ito’s reply, quoted in the same thread under a header that prints his name, is: “What were you guys talking about? He’s around. He’s focused on something and has been rather unresponsive about some things.”⁵²

Contact resumed three days later. On Monday 1 October 2018 Virza wrote to Epstein under the subject “Stablecoins” a technical note distinguishing hard-pegged IOU-based coins from soft-pegged algorithmic ones, adding of the largest of them that it “is widely assumed to be created for evading banking blockade for KYC/AML non-compliant exchanges”. Epstein answered at 4:53 p.m.: “i dont understand the model. how does the exchange make money. ? what happens if the value of stable coin goes up as it is anonymous. so maybe some added value. they only have my one dollar? now it trades at 1 dollar 10?” Two minutes later: “skype?” Virza: “Yes! Will grab a room!”³⁵³

The thread’s quoted headers are on Eastern time and the produced Date: headers on the same sheets are stamped +0000. They are different clocks and no interval is computed across them here.

December 2018 to May 2019: the last contacts

On 4 December 2018 Virza wrote to Groff: “What’s the best mailing address for Jeffrey (for a small winter holiday item)? Should I just mail it to you…? / This must be a quite busy time. I pray for Jeffrey every time I’m at the Mass.”⁵⁴ The Miami Herald’s “Perversion of Justice” series, by Julie K. Brown, had begun publishing the previous week.

Later that day Epstein wrote to him at 12:57 p.m.:

your prayers help.. mathematics helps more :)

Virza’s answer, at 20:59:08 +0000, is a chess-board puzzle about cooperative games, set out in full over five paragraphs and ending “Surprisingly, there is a strategy that works no matter the initial contents of the board!”⁵⁵

The last documented approach is Virza’s. On Thursday 18 April 2019 at 1:34 p.m. he wrote to Daphne Wallace of Epstein’s staff:

Hi Daphne,

I originally emailed ▮ and the out-of-office email suggested emailing you.

I will be in the City the week of April 29th (likely: Mon-Wed). Can I come by and chat with Jeffrey about crypto some day, if he is around Lenox Hill? One can imagine that JE is super busy and would prefer no public appearances but if there’s a chance he’s available privately, I’ll gladly come. If not, then next time :-)

Madars

The quoted stamps on this thread do not run in clock order, so the exchange is set out here by what each message says and by the stamp each carries, and no elapsed time between any two of them is computed. The reply stamped 2:36 p.m. says she will put the request to Epstein: “I will send a message to Mr. Epstein now to inform him of your upcoming travel to New York, and your request, and let you know how he responds.” The reply carrying the answer is stamped 1:54 p.m.: “Mr. Epstein said of course. If he is in New York City while you are there the week of April 29th, he will be happy to see you. I will relay the information to Lesley as well.” Virza, stamped 2:54 p.m.: “Excellent news! I’ll write more next week when my travel plans are finalized.” The last stamp in the chain, 3:55 p.m., is Wallace’s “Thank you, your email will be greatly appreciated.”⁶

On Monday 22 April 2019 Wallace forwarded the thread onward with a summary of her own: “Mr. Madars Virza will be in town next week. / JE will see him if he himself is in NY. Below is the email traffic.”⁶ On Thursday 25 April the office wrote to him directly: “Good morning Madars. / Hope you are well. Jeffrey will be in NY on Tuesday April 30th! Might you have time to come see him? Perhaps 10am? Or please feel free to suggest a time.”⁵⁶ Over the weekend the arrangements moved: Epstein asked to move two appointments; Groff reported “madars did get back to me though!. …He can’t do Sunday (he is traveling on Acela.)”; Epstein wrote “Can I also see madars Monday”; and Groff answered “Madars will see you at 10am Monday!!”⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹

An SMS run in the release opens on 29 April 2019 with two incoming messages, “Hey” at 04:18:30 pm and “This is Madars” at 04:18:38 pm. On 3 May 2019 the same side wrote:

Leibniz book is incredible! So much joy in it — having accepted the perfection of the Unknowable, how should we respond? Can’t wait to accomplish a deep reading and come to New York again.

The reply from the other side, nine minutes later, is one word: “Glad”. Four attributed bubbles on that sheet were re-derived at the image by bubble colour, alignment and avatar.¹⁰

That message of 3 May 2019 is the last dated item in the population measured for this page. Epstein was arrested on 6 July 2019.

What the record does not show

Each of the following is a search that was written down before it was run, in the words a disconfirming document would use, and each is reported with the forms searched and the number of returns read.

No payment, in either direction. Searching the corpus for madars or virza conjoined with wire returns 0 documents. The conjunction with invest* returns none in the population. Within the 301-document population, the only money language is Epstein’s offer of 1 July 2017 to pay for an adviser, his instruction of 17 May 2018 to sell an economic interest, and Virza’s own account of his K-1 — no instrument, no amount, no transfer. A thank-you for money received does appear on one Skype sheet in this population; its sender is barred and it is not attributed to Virza.¹⁴²⁰

No appearance at any property but the New York house. Conjunctions of madars/virza with flight, "little st james", lsj and manifest return 8 documents, all inside the population; with island, 2. All ten were opened. Every one is either a multi-day office day sheet on which the travel lines belong to other days and other people, or a chat export in which the island reference sits in a different, barred conversation. No flight log, passenger manifest or property record read for this page names him. The conjunction with massage returns 0.¹⁴

Nothing after 3 May 2019. The population holds 51 documents containing the string “2019”; all were checked for a later date and none carries one.¹⁴

Nothing about Epstein’s conduct or his case. No document read for this page records Virza discussing the 2008 plea, the Florida proceedings, the Miami Herald series, the 2019 arrest, or any allegation against Epstein.

Two open questions this page raises and cannot answer.

How did three internal Zerocoin Electric Coin Company documents reach Epstein’s files, and in what capacity did he hold them? The three carry no covering message on the sheets read here. "Zerocoin Electric Coin Company" returns 5 documents in the whole corpus, of which one is Virza’s K-1 forward; "Electric Coin Company" returns the same 5; ZECC returns 3; "founders reward" returns 2, both of them company memoranda. No document read for this page names Epstein as a partner, investor, advisor or founders’-reward recipient of that company, and this page does not assert that he was one. The 1 June 2017 memorandum is addressed to a class, not to a person.⁴⁷¹⁴

Did the accountants’ work on Virza’s “structure” produce anything? The release holds the instruction, Dlugash’s offer to approach Virza and Epstein’s one-word answer, and stops. No engagement letter, opinion, entity formation or fee record naming Virza was located.¹⁴

How the population was measured

The figure this page uses is a floor of 301 documents, and every component of it was read. It is built as follows, and a reader who follows the rule below must reach the same number.

form searched	documents	outside the union of the four clean forms
"Madars Virza" (phrase)	122	—
madars (token)	265	—
virza (token)	125	—
"Virza Madars" (field order)	7	—
union of the four	266	—
madaras	25	19
madaris	16	2
madrs	5	2
mafaras	4	3
"jeremy madams"	5	2
"Joscha, Madras" / "madras ok"	5	5
madarasl	1	1
"Confirmed Madan"	1	1
floor	301	35

All searches are FTS5 phrase or token matches on pages.text_content, counted as distinct document identifiers with no limit applied; 293 of the 301 are EFTA identifiers and 8 are HOUSE_OVERSIGHT.⁹

Every one of the 35 additions was read in context at a document before being counted, and every one is him. The 19 reached by madaras decompose as 6 copies of Epstein’s run-together “jeremy madaras”, 11 of his 28 September 2018 “have not heard back from madaras/?”, one office alert headed “Alert - madaras. , .”, and one instruction reading “Schedule jermybatv9 and madaras at 1030”. Then 2 of “Joi Alan madaris”; 2 of “after you review madrs stuff give me a ring”; 3 of “Can you move Joscha’s and mafaras…”; 2 further copies of the run-together form as madams. The last 7 were added by the vocabulary enumeration described below, and each was read before being counted: 5 copies of the 22 July 2016 exchange in which the forename is transposed to “Madras” on the face of the sheet; 1 twelfth copy of the 28 September 2018 chain, reached only as madarasl because the extraction read the sender’s / as an l; and 1 Epstein-office schedule of 3 May 2018 on which the sheet prints Confirmed Madars and the extraction prints Madan. The token madams is otherwise pure noise: 49 documents, dominated by “Dear Sirs/Madams” and by scanner damage, and only the 5 copies of the one Epstein sentence are counted; madras is likewise noise outside those 5 copies (61 documents, almost all of them the scanner reading “address”, “market” or “matters” as the word), and madan likewise, 254 documents of which only the one named above is him.¹⁹

The bare forename is him throughout. All 141 documents carrying madars without virza were read in context. 134 co-occur with an Epstein-network marker; the remaining 7 were each read individually and are: Dlugash’s reply of 12 July 2017; a calendar export listing “Meeting - Jeffrey, Neha, Rob, Madars & Joi”; the SMS run of 29 April 2019; two office alerts, “Can Madars come see JE on Monday at 9am for breakfast?” and “can Madars see JE on Tues?”; the Groff–Epstein thread of 28 April 2019; and a message giving a courier tracking number for “Madars package”. The corpus holds no second Madars.⁹

Ten spider arms were run on identifiers harvested by reading the documents, rather than guessed from the name: the Skype handle madars314 (6 documents, all inside the floor); his website madars.org (27, all inside); zerocoin and "Zerocoin Electric Coin Company" (5 each, one inside); ZECC (3, none inside); zcash (19, 7 inside); zerocash (4, 1 inside); "zk-SNARK" (1, outside); Zooko (13, 1 inside); "Madars Vita", the corrupted form in the Media Lab’s own message (1, inside). Not one arm produced a document of his that the name forms had missed. The spider’s yield here is qualitative, not quantitative: madars314 is what proves the Skype attributions, and the Zcash arms are what surfaced the company documents in Epstein’s files.⁶⁰

A whole-vocabulary enumeration was run twice, and the second run added seven documents to the floor. The first run’s negative was wrong, and the way it was wrong is worth recording. An fts5vocab prefix-range scan over nineteen prefix ranges, with a Levenshtein-2 and consonant-skeleton filter, was run first with a length window of ±1 character on the target lengths and then re-run with a window of 4–9 characters. Over the 16,474 distinct terms the ranges return, the narrow window yields 414 candidates and the wide window 421 on this run’s filter implementation; the first pass reported 450 on its own, and the number that matters is not either total but the difference between the two windows under one implementation, which is seven terms. the seven terms only the wide window reaches are mada, madarasl, madarins, madr, mads, mars and moderesa. One of those seven is real: madarasl, eight characters against a six-character target, which a ±1 window cannot see. It returns EFTA01020583, a twelfth copy of the 28 September 2018 chain on which the sheet prints “have not heard back from madaras/?” and the extraction read the / as an l. Two further forms were missed by a different mechanism, and it was not the window. madan sits inside even the narrow window; the first pass tested it only in the compounds "Madan Virza" and madan314 and never as a bare token, and the bare token reaches EFTA00473371, on which the sheet itself prints Confirmed Madars and the extraction prints Madan. madras, the forename with two letters transposed, was not on the first pass’s list at all, and it reaches the five copies of the 22 July 2016 exchange quoted above. The negative that does survive, and the window it survives at: of the 421 candidate terms, 57 return a document outside the floor when conjoined with an Epstein-network anchor. Forty-four of those return six documents or fewer and every occurrence in every one was read; the other thirteen are common English or French words returning more, and for those every occurrence sitting within 300 characters of a Zcash, Media Lab, Ito or cryptography marker was read, 80 contexts in all. Apart from the three forms just named, not one is him: they are mars (the French month), virus and viral (Zika, and Jeremy Rubin’s own “Viral Spaces group” bio), madam/madame/madams, madre/madama/madera/maduro/marais and a long tail of scanner damage. The one candidate that looked promising in the first run, madrd, in a Skype run with jeevacation, is the city Madrid, in a conversation with someone else entirely. Both runs built the virtual table in the connection’s temp schema on a read-only handle; the corpus stands at 54 objects before and after each.²⁵

What this method could not reach, stated as limits rather than as coverage. A document in which he is referred to only by a pronoun, a job title (“the coin guy”, “the crypto guy”), or a description rather than a name is invisible to every query above, and Epstein demonstrably used such descriptions: “Coin guy” is his own word for Virza in the Bannon forward, and it returns exactly one document. A document in which a producer barred his name entirely is unreachable by any search, and no query can measure that class. And a message of his quoted inside a thread on a sheet whose extraction is damaged may not be reachable by any string at all. 301 is a floor with those three mechanisms bounding it, and it moved once already: the first pass of this page put it at 294, and the enumeration re-run described above added 7. This page does not claim the search converged.

Related

• joi-ito: the Media Lab director through whom the introduction ran and through whom almost every meeting was arranged
• mit-media-lab: Virza’s institution throughout the correspondence
• jeffrey-epstein
• steve-bannon: the recipient of the “Coin guy” forward
• richard-kahn: one of the two accountants sent Virza’s material on 12 July 2017
• lesley-groff: Epstein’s assistant, who asked in March 2018 who Madars was
• martin-nowak: whose Harvard programme hosted the 25 March 2018 visit
• caleb-harper: named alongside Virza on the same Media Lab guest lists
• lawrence-summers: the last appointment of the 25 March 2018 Harvard Sunday

Notes

Footnotes

1. EFTA00842748 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Header: “From: Madars Virza <▮> / To: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Subject: Fwd: The Zcash Company DRAFT K-1 / Date: Mon, 02 Apr 2018 20:28:52 +0000”, with an attachment line naming a PDF of a 2017 draft Schedule K-1 in his own name. The forwarded message beneath is “From: Margaret Baily [email protected] / Date: Mon, Apr 2, 2018 at 1:39 PM / Subject: The Zcash Company DRAFT K-1 / To: Madars Virza <▮>” and is signed “Margaret Baily / Executive Assistant to Zooko Wilcox / The Zerocoin Electric Coin Company”. Virza’s own address is barred in both blocks; the other two addresses are printed, and are quoted above as the sheet sets them. The corpus text layer renders the sum as -4200k; at 400 dpi the sheet prints ~$200k. “ilve” and the double space in “Zcash Company” are what the sheet prints. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

2. EFTA00851916 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Header: “From: Madars Virza <▮> / To: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Subject: Zcash tax memo / Date: Thu, 22 Mar 2018 22:55:19 +0000 / Attachments: Zcash_Tax_Memo_-_Final03.22.2018.pdf”. The corpus text layer breaks the attachment name across two lines and inserts a space inside “2018”; the sheet prints it as one string. ↩ ↩² ↩³

3. EFTA01021087 pp.1–2. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Header: “From: Madars Virza <▮> / To: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Subject: Re: Stablecoins / Date: Tue, 02 Oct 2018 19:54:59 +0000”. The quoted chain beneath carries Eastern-time headers of 1 October 2018 at 4:43, 4:52, 4:53, 4:55 and 4:56 p.m.; the produced Date: header is stamped +0000 and the quoted headers are not, so they are on different clocks and no interval is computed across them. Two further copies of the same thread: EFTA01021271, EFTA01021269. ↩ ↩²

4. EFTA00849957 pp.1–2, Bates EFTA00849957–EFTA00849958. Read at the image at 400 dpi. p.1 header: “From: Madars Virza <▮> / To: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Cc: Steve Bannon <▮> / Subject: Re: For Steve / Date: Tue, 27 Mar 2018 23:50:20 +0000 / Attachments: The_Logic_of_Gift.pdf”. Epstein’s message of “Sun, Mar 25, 2018 at 8:48 PM” is quoted on p.2 and is reproduced here with its own line breaks and spacing as the sheet sets them. ↩ ↩²

5. EFTA02246341 p.1, Bates EFTA_R1_01023075. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “From: Madars Virza / Sent: Tue 5/29/2018 8:39:57 PM / Subject: Re: Jeffrey Epstein”. The quoted chain beneath is on one clock: an assistant at 15:36, Virza at 4:13 p.m., the assistant at 4:27 p.m. The produced Sent: header and the quoted headers are on different clocks and no interval is computed across them. Virza’s signature block prints in bold type at the foot of the sheet. Further copies of the thread: EFTA00474187, EFTA00474191, EFTA00474192, EFTA00474272. ↩ ↩²

6. EFTA02281663 pp.1–2, Bates EFTA_R1_01102726–EFTA_R1_01102727. Read at the image at 400 dpi. p.1 is headed “To: Daphne Wallace▮ / From: ▮ / Sent: Mon 4/22/2019 11:18:03 AM / Subject: Re: Visiting Jeffrey” and carries Wallace’s summary of 22 April at 7:10 a.m. The forwarded thread of 18 April 2019 runs across both sheets and its quoted stamps are NOT monotonic. Reading down the two sheets they are: 3:55 p.m. (the forwarded-message Date: header, Wallace, “Thank you, your email will be greatly appreciated.”); 2:54 p.m. (Virza, “Excellent news!…”); 1:54 p.m. (Wallace, the message carrying “Mr. Epstein said of course…”, which begins on p.1 at “Greetings Mr. Virza,” and continues at the head of p.2); 2:36 p.m. (Wallace, “I will send a message to Mr. Epstein now…”); 1:34 p.m. (Virza, the request). A chain that descends 1:54 → 2:36 is not in clock order: the stamps on this sheet cannot be used to order the messages, and no elapsed time between any two of them is computed on this page. The produced Sent: header and the quoted headers are on different clocks and no interval is computed across them either. Virza’s signature block prints twice on p.2, his name in bold over “Research Scientist / MIT Media Lab”. One value inside his own message is barred and is shown as ▮. ↩ ↩² ↩³

7. EFTA00285548 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. An Epstein-office day sheet for June 2018, set in italic with the times in bold. Sun. June 3, 2018 NY carries “12:30pm LUNCH w/Michael Wolff”, “3:00pm Appt w/Madars Virza (Joi Ito’s friend)” and “5:00pm Appt w/Jeremy Rubin”; Mon. June 4, 2018 NY carries “9:30am Appt w/Jeremy Rubin” and “11:30am Appt w/Madars Virza (Joi Ito’s friend)”. On both Virza lines the parenthetical quoted above is unbarred, and a barred value follows it. Further copies and variants of the same formula: EFTA00285728, EFTA00474195, EFTA00474365, EFTA01045676, EFTA02246469, EFTA02246587, EFTA02246591, EFTA02246686, EFTA02246740, EFTA02247538, EFTA02280984. ↩ ↩² ↩³

8. EFTA01781741 p.1, Bates EFTA_R1_00101013. Read at the image at 400 dpi. The produced header block reads “From: Jeremy Rubin <▮> / Sent: Wednesday, October 21, 2015 3:04 AM / To: Jeffrey Epstein; Madars Virza / Cc: Joichi Ito / Subject: Skype with Madars:”. The Sent: field carries no zone and none is supplied here. The sender’s address and the value inside the closing link are barred; the quoted-printable damage (Madars,=one, wo=ks, r=cipient, kep=, think =f, a =ime, out=that) is on the face of the sheet and is not repaired. A closing line reads “(Madars — do you think Ale would want to join you?)”; no document read for this page identifies “Ale” and this page does not assert who that is. ↩ ↩² ↩³

9. Population measured 2026-09-14 against the full-text index at pages_fts, as distinct efta_number values with no LIMIT applied. Forms and returns: "Madars Virza" 122 documents / 164 pages; madars 265 / 332; virza 125 / 172; "Virza Madars" 7 / 8; union of the four, 266. virza holds exactly 1 document that madars does not; madars holds 141 that virza does not. Those 141 were each printed with 230 characters of context either side of every occurrence and read; 134 carry at least one of epstein, jeevacation, jeeitunes, joi ito, joichi, lesley groff, media lab, madars314, nowak, summers, joscha, rubin, bitcoin, crypto, harvard, boyden, gensler. The remaining 7 — EFTA00710226, EFTA00780601, EFTA01612458, EFTA02246671, EFTA02280439, EFTA02282827, EFTA02283959 — were each read individually and are described in the body. Production split of the 301: 293 EFTA, 8 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT (HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_002700, _002754, _002765, _025594, _025600, _025603, _025606, _029111). ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

10. EFTA01612458 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. An SMS export headed “Platform: SMS Timezone: UTC+0000”, with two participant chips at the head of the sheet, one barred and one reading “Unknown”. Attribution on this format exists only on the image: the incoming side is left-aligned grey with one avatar, the outgoing side right-aligned green with another. Four attributed bubbles were re-derived that way. The identification rests on the message’s own words, “This is Madars”. ↩ ↩²

11. EFTA01040644 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “From: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / To: Alan Dlugash <▮>, Richard Kahn <▮> / Subject: / Date: Wed, 12 Jul 2017 12:56:03 +0000”. The body is one line, “after you review madrs stuff give me a ring”, with the double space as printed. A separately produced copy, EFTA02645726, carries the same message headed “Sent: Wednesday, July 12, 2017 12:56 PM / To: Alan Dluoash; Richard Kahn”. ↩ ↩² ↩³

12. EFTA01040692 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “To: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Subject: Re: / Date: Wed, 12 Jul 2017 22:45:05 +0000”, the sender value barred, the signature block reading “Alan J Dlugash / Alan J Dlugash LLC / 767 3rd Avenue, 36th floor / New York, NY. 10017”. The quoted chain beneath is on one clock: Epstein at 8:56 a.m., Dlugash at 6:28 p.m., Epstein at 6:42 p.m. (“?number”). A further copy: EFTA00710226. ↩ ↩²

13. EFTA00847613 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Header: “From: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / To: Steve Bannon <▮> / Subject: Fwd: For Steve / Date: Sat, 24 Mar 2018 21:43:03 +0000”. The body above the forward is the two words “Coin guy”. The forwarded message is “From: Madars Virza <▮> / Date: Sat, Mar 24, 2018 at 5:32 PM / Subject: For Steve / To: jeffrey E. [email protected]”. Bannon’s and Virza’s addresses are barred. The quotation of Virza’s message on this page is cut with ”…” where a passage about parish arrangements is omitted; nothing in the omitted passage bears on any question this page raises. ↩ ↩² ↩³

14. Absence tests, each written before it was run. (virza OR madars) AND wire → 0 documents. (virza OR madars) AND massage → 0. (virza OR madars) AND (flight OR "little st james" OR lsj OR manifest) → 8 documents, all 8 inside the floor, all 8 opened: EFTA00285548, EFTA00471028, EFTA00474365, EFTA00494148, EFTA00850537, EFTA00850551, EFTA02240144, EFTA02284271 — every one an Epstein-office day sheet on which the travel lines belong to other days and other people. (virza OR madars) AND island → 2, both inside the floor, both opened: EFTA00784711 and EFTA01210671, chat exports in which the island line sits in a different conversation with a barred sender. (virza OR madars) AND "2019" → 51, all inside the floor, none carrying a date later than 3 May 2019. "founders reward" → 2, both ZECC company memoranda, neither inside the floor. zcash AND wire → 1, the ZEC auction letter of intent. zerocoin AND subscription → 0. zcash AND invest* → 10, none inside the floor. libsnark → 0. zkledger → 0. skolkovo → 7, none inside the floor and none read for this page. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

15. madars.org, his own website, fetched 2026-09-14 and verified against the fetched text. The page’s headline reads “Zcash Co-founder · Radius Chief Scientist”. This is his own public self-description and is used here for that and nothing more. ↩

16. “Special Announcement: Madars Virza awarded at IEEE Symposium”, MIT Digital Currency Initiative, dci.mit.edu, fetched 2026-09-14 and verified character by character against the fetched page: “Madars Virza SM ‘14, PhD ‘17, a Research Scientist at the MIT Media Lab’s Digital Currency Initiative (DCI), is the recipient of an IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy Test of Time Award for ‘Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin,’ a paper he co-authored in 2014.” The same page names Neha Narula as his co-author on zkLedger. Two outside sources were fetched and verified for this page; two further URLs returned HTTP 403 to both WebFetch and curl and nothing from either is quoted or relied on here. ↩ ↩²

17. EFTA01042837 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Header: “From: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / To: Joi Ito <▮> / Subject: Re: / Date: Sat, 01 Jul 2017 10:03:34 +0000”. The quotation is cut after “he can return the favor sometime.” and marked; the remainder of the message concerns Ito’s family, plant biology and a point of etiquette, and bears on nothing on this page. Beneath it: “On Fri, Jun 30, 2017 at 6:12 PM, Joi Ito <▮> wrote: / Adding Madars.” and, below that, Epstein’s “Joi Alan madaris” of 18:08. Further copies: EFTA01042840, EFTA01042842, EFTA01042845, EFTA00665840, EFTA00677124. ↩ ↩² ↩³

18. EFTA00474162 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. “From: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Subject: Re: Jeremy Madaras / Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 17:56:07 +0000”, body “Three separte. Jeremy Rubin. /Madars Joi Ito’s friend”, replying to “I do not have contact details for Jeremy Madams…can you please provide?” A further copy: EFTA01051609. The subject line is the assistant’s reading of Epstein’s run-together forenames, not a person’s name. ↩ ↩²

19. Damaged and run-together forms, measured the same day: madaras 25 documents of which 19 outside the union; madaris 16 / 2; madrs 5 / 2; mafaras 4 / 3; "jeremy madams" 5 / 2; madan314 1 / 0; "Madan Virza" 8 / 0; "Madars Vita" 1 / 0; "Madars Vine" 1 / 0. Every document outside the union was opened and read in context. madams alone returns 49 documents of which 45 lie outside the union; ten of those 45 were read and are “Dear Sirs/Madams”, scanner damage, a Cyrillic certificate page, an I-9 form, a bank statement and a magazine passage about party hosts — only the 5 copies of Epstein’s own 29 May 2018 sentence are counted into the floor, and they are counted through the phrase "jeremy madams", not the bare token. virze, vitza and nutdars return 0; virzo returns 1, an unrelated query string. Added on the enumeration re-run of the same day (see [^vocab]): madarasl 1 document / 1 outside the union, the twelfth copy of the 28 September 2018 chain; "Confirmed Madan" 1 / 1, on whose sheet the printed string is Confirmed Madars — the bare token madan returns 254 documents of which 242 lie outside the union, nine of those carry an Epstein-network anchor, all nine were read, and only this one is him (the rest are a named financial consultant, “Ramadan” with quoted-printable damage, and scanner corruptions of “Morgan”); "Joscha, Madras" 5 / 5 and "madras ok" 2 / 2, union 5, the copies of the 22 July 2016 exchange — the bare token madras returns 61 documents, all 61 outside the union, and the 56 that are not those copies were sampled and are scanner damage plus two unrelated businesses. Only the 5 copies are counted, through the two phrases and not the bare token, exactly as with madams. ↩ ↩²

20. EFTA01210552 p.14, Bates EFTA01210565. Read at the image at 400 dpi. The block timestamped 2018-05-19 12:09:32 (UTC) carrying the words “received money! thank you so much” prints a barred Sender: value and barred participants. The corpus text layer collapses the sender labels on this sheet and places those words adjacent to a Madars block timestamped 13:10:57. They are separate blocks with different senders and this page attributes the 12:09:32 message to nobody. ↩ ↩²

21. Measured on EFTA01210534 p.12, EFTA01210552 p.14 and EFTA01210572 p.5, all read at 400 dpi. On each sheet, consecutive Skype blocks carry different Participants: values, most of them barred, so the export is a single chronological stream across many conversations rather than one thread. The corpus text layer for these sheets drops or collapses the Sender: and Participants: lines, which makes a neighbouring message read as a reply. Any attribution taken from the text layer of these sheets is unsafe; every attribution on this page from this format was re-derived at the image. ↩ ↩²

22. EFTA02587613 p.1, rendered at 400 dpi. “From: Vincenzo Iozzo / Sent: Tuesday, August 26, 2014 12:52 PM / To: Jeffrey E. / Cc: Joi Ito / Subject: zero knowledge proof/SNARK”. It carries quoted-printable damage on its face (“=s essentially”, “=pecific kind”). It is the only document in the corpus returned by "zk-SNARK" or zksnark, and it does not name Virza. ↩

23. EFTA01774218 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Jeremy Rubin to Jeffrey Epstein, “April 2, 2016 12:52 AM”, subject “re: today”. Further copies: EFTA00717931, EFTA00830251, EFTA00830269. ↩

24. EFTA00721294 p.1 and EFTA00823585 p.1, both read at the image at 600 dpi. The first is “From: Joichi Ito <▮> / To: Jeffrey Epstein <▮> / Subject: Sunday / Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2016 20:29:14 +0000”; the second is “From: jeffrey E. [email protected] / To: Joichi Ito <▮> / Subject: Re: Sunday / Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2016 20:30:44 +0000”, quoting the first beneath it. Both produced Date: headers are stamped +0000, so the ninety seconds between them are on one clock. Ito’s address is barred in every place it appears on these two sheets; Epstein’s own address is printed on the second, in the sender field quoted above and again in the notice block at the foot of that sheet. At 600 dpi both sheets print Madras / madras; the corpus text layer agrees on that string and renders Epstein’s larrry as lamy, which is why his line is quoted here from the image. Three further copies of Ito’s message, read from the text layer and not verified at the image: EFTA02406600, EFTA02458575, and a second copy of Epstein’s reply at EFTA02457177 (Bates EFTA_R1_01560800). Five documents in all, and all five lie outside every query on madars and virza. ↩

25. fts5vocab enumeration, run 2026-09-14 and re-run the same day at a wider length window after the first run’s negative was broken. Both runs used CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE temp.v USING fts5vocab('main','pages_fts','row') on a mode=ro connection, so nothing was written to the corpus; select count(*) from sqlite_master returned 54 before and after each, and the virtual table was dropped. The same nineteen prefix ranges were scanned in both (mad, mar, nad, rnad, vir, vrz, viz, wir, mrd, vjr, v1r, virz, madar, rnar, mud, mod, nir, yir, uir), returning 16,474 distinct terms. Under Levenshtein-2 to madars or virza, or an identical consonant skeleton, a ±1 length window yields 414 candidates and a 4–9 window yields 421; the seven terms added by widening are mada, madarasl, madarins, madr, mads, mars, moderesa. madarasl is +2 on a six-character target, which is exactly why a ±1 window cannot reach it, and it is the one of the seven that is him. All 421 were then conjoined with jeevacation, "Joi Ito", zcash, "Media Lab", "Digital Currency", madars314 and jeeitunes; 57 terms returned at least one document outside the floor and every one of those contexts was read. Three forms are him — madarasl (1 document), madan as a bare token (1 of 254, EFTA00473371) and madras in the two phrases "Joscha, Madras" and "madras ok" (5 documents of 61) — and are counted into the floor above. The remaining 54 terms are not him and are named in the body. The candidate totals differ from the first pass’s 450: a Levenshtein-2-or-skeleton filter is implementation-sensitive at the margins, and the anchor set here is seven terms against the first pass’s four, which is why 57 terms carry an outside-floor hit where the first pass reported 38 term-anchor pairs. Neither total is a coverage claim; the load-bearing comparison is narrow window against wide window on one implementation. The unanchored counts are reported for completeness and are not a coverage claim: the 421 candidates together touch 10,254 documents outside the floor, overwhelmingly mars, madam, virus and viral, and no method here reads 10,254 documents. The mechanism worth carrying forward: a length window set to ±1 on the target is too narrow, because a single inserted character plus a substitution is a Levenshtein-2 neighbour at +2 length; and a form tested only inside a phrase has not been tested as a token. Both runs completed; neither output is a null drawn from a timeout. ↩ ↩²

26. EFTA01049243 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Ito to Epstein, on a retreat: “Ed, Caleb (OpenAg), Madars and me so far. / - Joi”, answering Epstein’s “Any info on retreat” of 13 April 2017. ↩

27. EFTA01620972 p.2, Bates EFTA01620973. Read at the image at 400 dpi. A bubble-format chat export. Attribution on this format exists only on the image: left-aligned grey bubbles carry the avatar initials “JI” under the printed label “Joi Ito”; right-aligned blue bubbles carry a different avatar under a printed header for the other party. Eight attributed lines on this sheet were re-derived that way, five on Ito’s side and three on the other. The quoted message is timestamped 12:45:00 am and the sheet carries no date divider above it, so no date is asserted for it here. ↩

28. EFTA01041862 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. “From: Joichi Ito <▮> / To: Jeffrey Epstein [email protected] / Subject: Tomorrow / Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2017 23:31:32 +0000”, body “Looks like only Madars free tomorrow. Is that OK? / - Joi”. ↩

29. EFTA01041866 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Epstein’s reply of “Fri, 30 Jun 2017 01:03:51 +0000”, body “great”. ↩

30. EFTA01041937 p.1, rendered at 400 dpi. “From: “Jeffrey E.” [email protected] / To: Alan Dlugash <▮>, Joi Ito <▮>” of “Fri, 30 Jun 2017 22:08:14 +0000”, whose entire body is “Joi Alan madaris”. The sender domain prints grnail.com in the corpus text layer; a separately produced copy, EFTA02644964, carries the same message with the header “From: jeffrey E. [email protected] / Sent: Friday, June 30, 2017 10:08 PM / To: Alan Dlugash; Joi Ito”. ↩

31. EFTA01047323 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. “From: “Jeffrey E.” [email protected] / To: Joi Ito <▮> / Date: Thu, 06 Jul 2017 20:15:16 +0000”, body “madars did not call alan”. A second copy, EFTA00702593, carries Ito’s reply of 7 July: “Checking.” ↩

32. EFTA01041013 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “From: “Jeffrey E.” [email protected] / To: Joi Ito <▮> / Subject: / Date: Sat, 08 Jul 2017 12:02:09 +0000”. The body is the single line quoted, with the spacing the sheet sets. ↩

33. EFTA01001974 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “From: Joi Ito <▮> / To: “jeffrey E.” [email protected] / Subject: Re: / Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2017 18:14:38 +0000”. The corpus text layer renders the bank’s name LNG; the sheet prints ING. Confirmed against a second, independently produced copy: HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_029111, read at the image from the site server’s page-image store, which prints “ING’s new crypto currency” and stamps the message “Sent: 11/22/2017 6:14:38 PM”. ↩

34. EFTA00466063 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. A calendar invitation, “Invitation: Meeting - Jeffrey, Neha, Rob, Madars & Joi re: DCI @ Jo?… @ Fri Jan 12, 2018”, whose body line reads “1:30-2:30 - Meeting with Digital Currency Initiative - Rob Ali, Madars Virza and Neha Narula” and which lists “Madars Virza” among the invitees. A second copy: EFTA00467363. ↩

35. EFTA00467461 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. “Canceled event: Meeting - Jeffrey, Neha, Rob, Madars & Joi re: DCI @ Joi’… @ Fri Jan 12”. A cancellation notice records that the meeting was called off, not that it happened; this page asserts neither. ↩

36. EFTA02238824 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Yuko Barnaby, “Assistant to the Director / MIT Media Lab / 75 Amherst St. E14-245 / Cambridge MA 02142”, writing on 16 February 2018. The corpus text layer renders the last name in the list as “Madars Vita”; the bracketed completion on this page is supplied and marked as such, and the corrupted form is itself a search key that returns this document and no other. ↩

37. EFTA00856156 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “To: Jeffrey Epstein [email protected] / Subject: Harvard Trip Sunday March 25 / Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2018 22:16:19 +0000”. Epstein’s quoted message beneath is stamped “On Mar 20, 2018, at 7:56 AM” and carries no zone. The produced Date: header is stamped +0000 and the quoted header is not, so they are on different clocks and no interval is computed across them. ↩

38. EFTA00470986 p.1, rendered at 400 dpi. A separately produced copy of the same exchange, naming Lesley Groff as its sender, on which Epstein’s reply “joi ito needs to be included with others he knows madars” of “Tue, 20 Mar 2018 23:12:59 +0000” stands as the top message. Further copies: EFTA00855280, EFTA02239524, EFTA02239929. ↩

39. EFTA02240085 p.1, Bates EFTA_R1_01010375. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “To: Martin Nowak[▮] / From: Lesley Groff / Sent: Wed 3/21/2018 12:47:38 AM / Subject: Re: Visit on Sunday”. Katherine Gallagher’s message of “Mar 20, 2018, at 5:06 PM” is quoted beneath, with her signature block reading “Katherine Gallagher / Coordinator / Program for Evolutionary Dynamics / One Brattle Square, Suite 6 / Cambridge, MA 02138”. Further copies: EFTA02239816, EFTA02240112, EFTA02240140. ↩

40. EFTA00856178 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Epstein’s reply of 20 March 2018 23:12:59 +0000 as its own document. A further copy: EFTA02239944. ↩

41. EFTA00470995 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. The Groff–Ito thread of 20 March 2018 evening, carrying Ito’s “I’ll ping Madars and think of some other - assume Jeffrey has others too right?” and “Yes. So me at noon, then Madars at 1PM or something like that?”. Further copies: EFTA00470997, EFTA02240073, EFTA02240094. ↩

42. EFTA02240154 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Ito’s “So noon-2 for me. I’ll have Madars come at 1PM. I’ll stick around afterward if I can but maybe other start coming at 3PM?”, quoted in a reply of “Wed 3/21/2018 12:57:44 AM”. ↩

43. EFTA00471538 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Lesley Groff to Martin Nowak, 24 March 2018 18:29:04 +0000, setting out the Sunday: “10am Arrive Bedford and drive to 1 Brattle Square / 11am Martin / 12pm Joi / 1pm Joi and Madars / 3pm Joscha / 4pm JE to drive to Larry Summers home / 4:30pm Larry Summers meeting at his home”. ↩

44. EFTA02239649 p.1, Bates EFTA_R1_01009210, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. A status note listing “-Joi will coordinate with Madars. Joi will come at noon. Madars l-2pm.” over the schedule “11am Martin / 12pm Joi / 1pm Madars / 3pm Joscha”. ↩

45. EFTA00811130 p.1, rendered at 400 dpi. A memorandum on Perkins Coie letterhead: “March 22, 2018 / TO: The Zerocoin Electric Coin Company / FROM: Bryan Smith / RE: Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences Applicable to Retention and Distribution of Zcash”. No covering message accompanies it on the sheet. ↩

46. EFTA00615489 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. A one-page “Tax Returns Update” of 2017-03-01 headed “The Zerocoin Electric Coin Company”, stating that the partnership would file an extension and that “we do not expect final Schedule K-1’s to be available until sometime later this summer.” ↩

47. EFTA00615490 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Company letterhead, “The Zerocoin Electric Coin Company / 5655 W. 8th Avenue, Lakewood, CO 80214”; “To: Founders’ Reward Recipients (ZECC Founders, Investors, Employees & Advisors) / From: Zooko Wilcox / Date: 1st June 2017 / Subject: Update on Tax Matters”; opening “Dear Zcash Founders,”. It is addressed to a class and names no individual recipient. No covering message accompanies it on the sheet, and this page does not assert in what capacity, if any, Epstein held it. ↩ ↩²

48. The corrections recorded on this page between the corpus text layer and the sheet, each verified at 400 dpi: -4200k for ~$200k on EFTA00842748; LNG for ING on EFTA01001974, confirmed against the independently produced HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_029111; and the collapse of the Sender: lines on the three Skype sheets, recorded at [^interleave]. Every quotation on this page from a sheet marked “read at the image” was re-derived from the image and not from the index. ↩

49. EFTA01210534 p.12, Bates EFTA01210545. Read at the image at 400 dpi. A Skype export. The block reads “Skype / [1] 2018-05-17 19:02:12 (UTC) / Sender: Self ( jeevacation ) / Participants: Madars ( madars314 ), Self ( jeevacation )” over the message. The blocks immediately above and below carry different participant values, all barred, and belong to other conversations. ↩

50. EFTA01210572 p.5, Bates EFTA01210576. Read at the image at 400 dpi. Six blocks on this sheet print an explicit Sender: line and all six were re-derived at the image. All timestamps are stamped (UTC) by the export itself, so the sequence is on a single clock. The first block on the sheet, at 04:16:05, carries barred participants and is not part of this exchange. ↩

51. EFTA00474182 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Lesley Groff to Joi Ito, 29 May 2018 19:30:16 +0000, signed “Lesley / Assistant to Jeffrey Epstein”. ↩

52. EFTA01019540 p.2, Bates EFTA01019541, rendered at 400 dpi. A quoted chain carrying “On Sep 28, 2018, at 12:17, J [email protected] wrote: / have not heard back from madaras/?” and, above it, the answering message under the header “On Fri, Sep 28, 2018 at 12:23 PM Joi ito <▮> wrote:” — the header prints the sender’s name and bars only the address, which is why the body names Ito as the speaker. The answer reads in full: “What were you guys talking about? He’s around. He’s focused on something and has been rather unresponsive about some things.” The pin is to EFTA01019540 p.2 and that page was read at the image; on several of the further copies listed below the same header falls on p.1 instead, because the runs are paginated differently. Further copies of the same chain: EFTA01021495, EFTA01021499, EFTA01021566, EFTA01021570, EFTA01021594, EFTA01021601, EFTA02619754, EFTA02619887, EFTA02621116, EFTA02623129. ↩

53. EFTA01021271 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Epstein’s 4:53 p.m. message of 1 October 2018 as its own document, “From: J [email protected] / To: Madars Virza”. A third copy of the opening message, produced separately as EFTA02620980, carries the header “From: Madars Virza / Sent: Monday, October 1, 2018 8:43 PM / To: jeffrey E. / Subject: Stablecoins”. ↩

54. EFTA02264505 p.1, Bates EFTA_R1_01066672, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. A forward of 4 December 2018 17:48:50 carrying “From: Madars Virza / Subject: Postal address / Date: December 4 2018 at 12:45:03 PM EST”, addressed “Hi Lesley,”. The corpus text layer renders his signature surname as “Vine”. ↩

55. EFTA01014362 p.1. Read at the image at 400 dpi. “From: Madars Virza <▮> / To: [email protected] / Subject: Re: thx / Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2018 20:59:08 +0000”. Epstein’s message of “Tue, Dec 4, 2018 at 12:57 PM” is quoted beneath with the spacing as printed. Virza’s signature block prints his name in bold over “Research Scientist / MIT Media Lab”. ↩

56. EFTA02282761 p.1, Bates EFTA_R1_01104329, rendered at 400 dpi. “To: Madars Virza / Sent: Thur 4/25/2019 12:06:21 PM / Subject: Jeffrey Epstein”, signed “Sent from my iPhone”; the sender value is barred and no sender is supplied here. ↩

57. EFTA00493258 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. “From: J [email protected] / To: Lesley Groff / Date: Sun, 28 Apr 2019 12:46:03 +0000”, body “Can I also see madars Monday”. ↩

58. EFTA00493259 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Groff’s reply of 28 April 2019 13:03:26 +0000. A related message of 27 April, EFTA00493254, reads “just fyi…I reached out to both Joscha and Madars but still away their replies…I will follow up…”; Epstein’s instruction it answers, EFTA00493253, reads “Can you move Joscha’s and mafaras to either sun afternoon or Monday”. ↩

59. EFTA00493262 p.1, read from the text layer and not verified at the image. Groff to Epstein, 28 April 2019 18:38:19 +0000, body “Madars will see you at 10am Monday!!” ↩

60. Spider arms, all harvested by reading documents rather than generated: madars314 6 documents (0 outside the floor); "madars.org" 27 (0 outside); zerocoin 5 (4 outside); "Zerocoin Electric Coin Company" 5 (4 outside); ZECC 3 (3 outside); zcash 19 (12 outside); zerocash 4 (3 outside); "zk-SNARK" 1 (1 outside); Zooko 13 (12 outside); "Margaret Baily" 1 (0 outside); "Rob Ali" 17 (0 outside); "Neha Narula" 15; "Tadge Dryja" 5; "Digital Currency Initiative" 80. Reported as a negative: not one arm returned a document of Virza’s that the name forms had not already reached. The z.cash arm returns 45 documents, 42 outside the floor, but the FTS tokenizer splits it to z cash and the residue is not about the company; it is not counted. "Ben-Sasson" returns 6 documents and not one is Eli Ben-Sasson, Virza’s Zerocash co-author — all six are Menahem Ben-Sasson, president of the Hebrew University, in donor mailings to Epstein. That homograph is subtracted, not counted. ↩