headlong advances? We're getting more vulnerable. Our increasingly interconnected world depends on elaborate networks: electric-power grids, air traffic control, international finance, globally-dispersed manufacturing, and so forth. Unless these networks are highly resilient, their benefits could be outweighed by catastrophic (albeit rare) breakdowns. Our cities would be paralysed without electricity. Air travel can spread a pandemic worldwide within days. And social media can spread panic and rumour, and economic contagion, literally at the speed of light. The smartphone, the web and their ancillaries are already crucial to our networked lives. But they would have seemed magic even 20 years ago. So, looking several decades ahead we must keep our minds open, or at least ajar, to transformative advances that may now seem science fiction. There’ve been exciting advances in what’s called generalized machine learning — Deep Mind (a small London company now bought up by Google) last year achieved a remarkable feat -- its computer beat the world champion in the game of ‘Go’. And Carnegie-Mellon University has developed a machine that can bluff and calculate as well as the best human players of poker. It’s 20 years since IBM's 'Deep Blue’ beat Kasparov, the world chess champion. But Deep Blue was programmed in detail by expert players. In contrast, the machines that play Go and Poker gained expertise by absorbing huge numbers of games and playing against themselves. Their designers don’t themselves know how the machines make seemingly insightful decisions. But advances are patchy. Robots are still clumsier than a child in moving pieces ona real chessboard. They can’t tie your shoelaces or cut ole people’s toenails. . But sensor technology, speech recognition, information searches and so forth are advancing apace. But it’s in deep space -- Carl Sagan’s special arena-— that robots will surely be transformative. During this century the whole solar system will be explo