HOUSE OVERSIGHT 025112 Following are the key areas of breakthrough in sleep and dreams (from Patrick). Patrick states that these are now reproducible, non-controversial, and well-accepted among experts, although still not appreciated by the public - hence the high value of our CTT TV series. The organizing idea is why and how are sleep and dreams essential for normal memory consolidation and bodily health / well-being. Memory Consolidation. There is a fundamental difference between REM and NREM Sleep for memory consolidation: REM is for emotional memories, whereas NREM is for declarative and procedural memories. Hence, understanding and dealing with REM emotional memories can lead to treatment for the many neuropsychiatric illnesses that have sleep/dream-related disorders or syndromes (Parkinson's Disease, Anxiety, Substance Abuse, many sleep disorders such as Nightmare Disorder, etc., in addition to PTSD and Depression). Research shows bi-directional causality between neuropsychiatric disorders and sleep disorders. This is a superb example of how fundamental science breakthroughs lead to clinical breakthroughs. This fact that REM is associated with emotional memories is nicely consistent with the apparent psychotic nature of dreams, because in REM Sleep the frontal cortex is 'down-regulated' (and the frontal cortex is associated with rational planning, reflection, controlling impulses), while in REM Sleep the limbic system is 'up- regulated" (and the limbic system is associated with emotions and feelings) — see Neuroimaging below. This is why dream states flood the ego with emotional fantasies without rational control. However, it is also true that the limbic system enables creative ideas, thus grounding in science the long-suspected idea that sleep and dreams can enhance creativity. As Dr. Robert Stickgold, our other advisor on the series, wrote: "It would be nice if we could talk about sleep and memory as if there were only one type of memory a