Xxxviili The Crooked Course Resolution at the Khartoum Summit, which is referred to as the “Three Noes Docu- ment” due to its clause that states: “no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it”. On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt launched a war against Israel that ended in a political stand-off between Israel and its Arab adversaries. In November 1977, Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat broke Arab unity when he— in a move which stunned the world—flew to Israel and addressed the Knesset in a bid for a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Subsequently, in 1978, he signed the Camp David Accords that established a separate bilateral peace agreement with Israel. Camp David highlighted the importance of a third-party broker. When President Sadat and his counterpart, Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel, reached a stalemate, US President Jimmy Carter invited the parties to his presidential estate for trilateral discussions on 5 September 1978. Three scheduled days of negotiations turned into thirteen days of frustrating and intense talks. Since these tripartite discus- sions were unable to break the impasse, President Carter decided to work separately with both sides. The result was an American proposal which incorporated the require- ments of both parties into a single text. After lengthy negotiations on this document, President Carter’s shuttle diplomacy resulted in the Camp David Accords of 17 September 1978. In 1993, PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat followed the precedent of President Sadat and broke ranks with fellow Arab leaders by secretly and bilaterally recognizing the State of Israel and signing the Oslo Accords. The year after, building on the agreements between Israel and the PLO, King Hussein of Jordan followed suit by negotiating a bilateral peace treaty with Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin of Israel. This culminated in a spectacular signing ceremony at the desert border crossing of Wadi Araba in August 1994, In the agreemen