Page |12 viewed as external causes. Forces goals, or intentions; aggregated beliefs operating on human bodies to produce that result in social norms, values, action, in contrast, are viewed as religion, culture, and social movements; reflective of purpose, driven not only by and codified forces such as decrees, external causes but, more importantly, tules, alliances, and laws. by absiragt PeASONS such as goals, . Before the enlightenment of the ap pIGuIOUs, andl destiny. The meaning- 18th century, many scholars believed making proclivibes Gt MIanS are 86 that thought was instantaneous and that irrepressible that when external forces action was governed by an indivisible operate on human bodies to produce a mind separate from the body. Ifa significant impact on humankind, even ; , : palpable cause for a person’s behavior the causes of the actions of these human sould nat be identified. the Divine or bodies tend to be regarded in terms of some counterpart constituted a more inate HENeAet Purposes ail feasens. THe agreeable explanatory construct than anthropomorphic des cription of invisible forces acting through hurricanes is a case in point. scientifically specifiable mechanisms. Actions of objects have causes, Unparalleled advances in the sciences whereas actions of humans have reasons. have occurred since the dawn of the Invisible forces that operate on humans Enlightenment, including the but that appear to operate independent of development of scientific theories about human agency have been the subject of magnetism, gravity, quantum mechanics, religious speculations for centuries. and dark matter that depict invisible These invisible forces include: internal forces operating with measurable effects neural and biological forces (e.g., on physical bodies. During this same homeostatic processes, autonomic period, serious scientific research on activity) that exert regulatory forces invisible forces acting within, on and which are largely hidden from conscious acro