| ® | 54 | HOW AMERICA LOST ITS SECRETS ing with Packer naked in a sauna so he could be sure Packer did not have a recording device (other than his notebook). Appelbaum stated repeatedly in interviews that he was being spied upon by America. While his claims might have sounded paranoid to his interview- ers, as a character in Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 famously said, “Just because you’re paranoid doesn’t mean they aren’t after you.” Runa Sandvik, a close associate of Appelbaum’s, also worked tirelessly to extend Tor’s cloak of anonymity in the private sector against the surveillance of the NSA and other would-be intruders of privacy. A Norwegian national in her mid-twenties, she wrote a well-followed blog on Internet privacy for Forbes in 2012, in which she identified herself as a privacy and security researcher working at the intersection of technology, law, and policy. Appelbaum and Sandvik both came in contact with Snowden before he went public and while he was still working for the NSA in Hawaii. In 2012, Snowden become involved in the effort to encourage the use of Tor software to protect privacy. He made no secret of his concerns about electronic interceptions. According to an anony- © mous co-worker, he even wore a jacket to work with a parody of the re) NSA insignia, which, instead of merely depicting the NSA eagle, showed the eagle clutching AT&T phone lines. He had also become a member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the digital rights organization that was helping finance Tor. He saw Tor software as a remedy. “Without Tor,” he later wrote, “when you walk the streets of the Internet, you're always watched.” His efforts on behalf of Tor were not limited to symbolic gestures. In 2012, he set up a two- gigabyte server called “The Signal,” which he described as the larg- est Tor relay station exit node in Honolulu. He apparently paid for it himself. Through his work as a system administrator for Dell, he found documents revealing NSA efforts,