4.2.12 WC: 191694 I was asked to help confront this challenge early in my career in several important cases pitting national security against the First Amendment. These early cases grew out of our disastrous experience in Vietnam, and I observed at close range the ravages of war on our freedoms at home. The first major Vietnam case was the conspiracy prosecution against Dr. Benjamin Spock, the Reverend William Sloan Coffin, and several other antiwar leaders. I played a consulting role in the defense of Dr. Spock and eventually wrote an article for the New York Times about the case after the convictions were reversed on appeal. The most publicized and notorious of the Vietnam protest cases was the conspiracy prosecution against the “Chicago 7” growing out of demonstrations during the 1968 Democratic Convention. After the trial of that case, the lead defense lawyer—William Kunstler—was held in contempt of court and sentenced to four years imprisonment. I was part of the legal team assembled to prepare the appeal of that contempt order. We won. Another major prosecution was against the Berrigan brothers and other radical leaders of the draft resistance movement. I was asked to work on the defense of that case, but was “fired” by one of the more militant defendants when he learned that I was a Zionist. The bitterness of the Vietnam War spread rapidly over college and university campuses. What began as peaceful teach-ins and protests soon turned to confrontations and violence. In 1969, there was an anti-war protest at Harvard that led to violence and several years of continuous turmoil on that venerable campus. These events led the university to attempt to suspend or dismiss numerous students. I represented several of these students against the university. One was accused of “giving the finger” to a speaker. Another was accused of shouting “no silence in the face of death,” when the speaker requested a moment of silence for soldiers killed in combat. We won both cases. A