Page 38 of 42 103 Minn. L. Rev. 844, *913 important kinds of crimes within states’ jurisdictions. This federalism-based model of enforcement redundancy is a distinctive if 188 Cassia Spohn & Julie Horney, Rape Law Reform: A Grassroots Revolution and Its Impact 77 (1992) (describing expectations that legal reforms would improve prosecution rates); id. at 100 ("Legal changes did not produce the dramatic results that were anticipated by reformers. The reforms had no impact in most of the jurisdictions."). 189 Jennifer L. Truman & Rachel E. Morgan, Bureau Justice Statistics, U.S. Dep't of Justice, Criminal Victimization, 2015, at 2 tbl.1 (2016), hittps://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvl5.pdf (reporting that the National Crime Victimization Survey estimated 431,840 rapes/sexual assaults in 2015); Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate Per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1996 -2015, Fed. Bureau Investigation, https://ucr fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-201 S/tables/table-] (last visited Oct. 30, 2018) (reporting 124,047 rape reports under the "revised definition"). 190 Cf. Jack M. Balkin & Reva B. Siegel, Principles, Practices, and Social Movements, /54 U. Pa. L. Rev. 927, 946-50 (2006) (arguing that social movements significantly shape the application of constitutional principles); Reva B. Siegel, Text in Contest: Gender and the Constitution from a Social Movement Perspective, /50 U. Pa. I. Rev. 279, 328-44 (2001) (arguing that the history of the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment show that the U.S. Constitution is amenable to contestation by social movements). 191 Violence Against Women Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-322 (1994) (codified at 34 U.S.C.§§/2291-12511) (2017) (establishing a broad set of policies directed at violence against women that creates no federal criminal offenses). 192 Dripps, supra note 149, at 46-49, app. I. For an earlier proposal along the same lines, see Kim, supra note 149, at 304-09. 193 E.g., Office on Violence Against