Page 24 of 42 103 Minn. L. Rev. 844, *890 But that distinction has an upside: private prosecution and judicial review do not work in cases in which there is no direct victim - or in which private parties do not realize they have been victimized, as in some cases of large-scale corporate or government fraud, or in some cases of child pornography. !47 Federal prosecutors, however, take on just such cases as a core part of their enforcement agenda. !48 On the other hand, federal oversight is limited in other important respects: federal criminal enforcement authority is not fully coextensive with state criminal law; notably, for example, it provides effectively no enforcement redundancy for ordinary domestic violence, rape, and other sexual assault offenses. '4° [*891] B. Three Kinds of Offenses: Corruption, Police Violence, Sexual Assault Consider the efficacy for these oversight options with respect three types of offenses: local fraud or corruption, excessive use of force and other wrongdoing by local law enforcement officers, and sexual assaults. These three classes of offenses have in common that they have proven to be especially vulnerable to underenforcement. At the same time, the differences in how U.S. criminal justice institutions have responded to underenforcement in each area highlight the efficacy and limits of the federalism-based enforcement redundancy compared to the alternatives - both those U.S. jurisdictions reject (private prosecution and judicial review) and a fourth, unique strategy they embrace: politically accountable prosecutors. 1. Public Corruption Corrupt conduct by government officials is a category of wrongdoing especially likely to suffer from underenforcement, for obvious reasons: we depend on one set of public officials, prosecutors and investigative agents, to stop wrongdoing by other public officials - as well as by colleagues within their own ranks. Professional and even personal relationships often exist between these groups of publi