94 CASSELL ET AL. [Vol. 104 interstate communication in connection with sex offenses and traveling in interstate commerce for the purpose of engaging in illicit sexual conduct with minors.'°’ The local police provided the FBI with information, which the FBI then investigated. Following an investigation, the FBI determined that the allegations of abuse against Epstein were credible, and it presented the case to the U.S. Attomney’s Office for the Southern District of Florida. In 2007, the Office contacted counsel for Jeffrey Epstein and began negotiating a resolution of the case against him.'”8 Under our proposed test, the victims would not have had CVRA rights the first moment that the FBI became aware of Epstein’s possible commission of sex offenses. But after the FBI developed substantial evidence of those sex offenses, identified victims of those offenses, and presented the case to the appropriate U.S. Attorney’s Office for prosecution, CVRA rights would have attached. Accordingly, the FBI would have been required to notify the identified victims of their rights under the CVRA (as well as under the VRRA). From that point forward in the case, the victims would have had CVRA rights, such as the right to fair treatment and the right to confer with prosecutors. In this case, the victims would have had the right to confer with prosecutors about the nonprosecution agreement that they ultimately reached with Epstein.’ C. CURRENT DEPARTMENT POLICY ON PRE-CHARGING RIGHTS One objection that might be made to the formulation offered above is that it might unduly burden federal law enforcement officers and prosecutors, who would need to make judgment calls about when an investigation has coalesced to the point where “victims” are in existence, “substantial evidence” has been collected, and notice of rights has to be provided. Any such objection would be ill-founded, though, as it does not appear that implementing such an approach would be difficult.*”° Presumably the Justice