13.6 Glocal Memory 261 Glocal memory overcomes the dichotomy between localized memory (in which each memory item is stored in a single location within an overall memory structure) and distributed memory (in which a memory item is stored as an aspect of a multi-component memory system, in such a way that the same set of multiple components stores a large mumber of memories). In a glocal memory system, most memory items are stored both locally and globally, with the property that eliciting either one of the two records of an item tends to also elicit the other one. Glocal memory applies to multiple forms of memory; however we will focus largely on percep- tual and declarative memory in our detailed analyses here, so as to conserve space and maintain simplicity of discussion. The central idea of glocal memory is that (perceptual, declarative, episodic, procedural, etc.) items may be stored in memory in the form of paired structures that are called (key, map) pairs. Of course the idea of a “pair” is abstract, and such pairs may manifest themselves quite differently in different sorts of memory systems (e.g. brains versus non-neuromorphic AT systems). The key is a localized version of the item, and records some significant aspects of the items in a simple and crisp way. The map is a dispersed, distributed version of the item, which represents the item as a (to some extent, dynamically shifting) combination of fragments of other items. The map includes the key as a subset; activation of the key generally (but not necessarily always) causes activation of the map; and changes in the memory item will generally involve complexly coordinated changes on the key and map level both. Memory is one area where animal brain architecture differs radically from the von Neu- mann architecture underlying nearly all contemporary general-purpose computers. Von Neu- mann computers separate memory from processing, whereas in the human brain there is no such distinction. In fact, it’s arg