94 4 Brief Survey of Cognitive Architectures after Danish psychologist Jens Rasmussen). The Rasmussen ladder describes the organization of action as a movement between the stages of skill-based behavior, rule-based behavior and knowledge-based behavior, as follows: e If a given task amounts to a trained routine, an automatism or skill is activated; it can usually be executed without conscious attention and deliberative control. e If there is no automatism available, a course of action might be derived from rules; before a known set of strategies can be applied, the situation has to be analyzed and the strategies have to be adapted. e In those cases where the known strategies are not applicable, a way of combining the available manipulations (operators) into reaching a given goal has to be explored at first. This stage usually requires a recomposition of behaviors, that is, a planning process. The planning algorithm used in the Psi and MicroPsi implementations is a fairly simple hill-climbing planner. While it’s hypothesized that a more complex planner may be needed for advanced intelligence, part of the Psi theory is the hypothesis that most real-life planning an organism needs to do is fairly simple, once the organism has the right perceptual representations and goals. 4.5.13 Psi versus CogPrime On a high level, the similarities between Psi and CogPrime are quite strong: e interlinked declarative, procedural and intentional knowledge structures, represented using neural-symbolic methods (though, the knowledge structures have somewhat different high- level structures and low-level representational mechanisms in the two systems) ® perception via prediction and perception/action integration e action selection via triplets that resemble uncertain, potentially partial production rules e similar motivation/emotion framework, since CogPrime incorporates a variant of Psi for this On the nitty-gritty level there are many differences between the systems, but on the