26 2 What Is Human-Like General Intelligence? 2.3.3 Newell’s Criteria for a Human Cognitive Architecture Finally, another related perspective is given by Alan Newell’s “functional criteria for a human cognitive architecture” [New90], which require that a humanlike AGI system should: 1. Behave as an (almost) arbitrary function of the environment 2. Operate in real time 3. Exhibit rational, i.e., effective adaptive behavior 4, Use vast amounts of knowledge about the environment 5. Behave robustly in the face of error, the unexpected, and the unknown 6. Integrate diverse knowledge 7. Use (natural) language 8. Exhibit self-awareness and a sense of self 9. Learn from its environment 10. Acquire capabilities through development 11. Arise through evolution 12. Be realizable within the brain In our view, Newell’s criterion 1 is poorly-formulated, for while universal Turing computing power is easy to come by, any finite AI system must inevitably be heavily adapted to some particular class of environments for straightforward mathematical reasons [Hut05, GPI* 10]. On the other hand, his criteria 11 and 12 are not relevant to the CogPrime approach as we are not doing biological modeling but rather AGI engineering. However, Newell’s criteria 2-10 are essential in our view, and all will be covered in the following chapters. 2.3.4 intelligence and Creativity Creativity is a key aspect of intelligence. While sometimes associated especially with genius- level intelligence in science or the arts, actually creativity is pervasive throughout intelligence, at all levels. When a child makes a flying toy car by pasting paper bird wings on his toy car, and when a bird figures out how to use a curved stick to get a piece of food out of a difficult corner — this is creativity, just as much as the invention of a new physics theory or the design of a new fashion line. The very nature of intelligence — achieving complex goals in complex environments — requires creativity for its achievement,