24 2 What Is Human-Like General Intelligence? it, we will go through some more background regarding human-like intelligence (in the rest of this chapter), philosophy of mind (in Chapter 3) and contemporary AGI architectures (in Chapter4). 2.3 Further Characterizations of Humanlike Intelligence We now present a few complementary approaches to characterizing the key aspects of human- like intelligence, drawn from different perspectives in the psychology and AI literature. These different approaches all overlap substantially, which is good, yet each gives a slightly different slant. 2.3.1 Competencies Characterizing Human-like Intelligence First we give a list of key competencies characterizing human level intelligence resulting from the the AGI Roadmap Workshop held at the University of Knoxville in October 2008 ', which was organized by Ben Goertzel and Itamar Arel. In this list, each broad competency area is listed together with a number of specific competencies sub-areas within its scope: 1. Perception: vision, hearing, touch, proprioception, crossmodal 2. Actuation: physical skills, navigation, tool use 3. Memory: episodic, declarative, behavioral 4, Learning: imitation, reinforcement, interactive verbal instruction, written media, experi- mentation 5. Reasoning: deductive, abductive, inductive, causal, physical, associational, categorization 6. Planning: strategic, tactical, physical, social 7. Attention: visual, social, behavioral 8. Motivation: subgoal creation, affect-based motivation, control of emotions 9. Emotion: expressing emotion, understanding emotion 10. Self: self-awareness, selfcontrol, other-awareness 11. Social: empathy, appropriate social behavior, social communication, social inference, group play, theory of mind 12. Communication: gestural, pictorial, verbal, language acquisition, cross-modal 13. Quantitative: counting, grounded arithmetic, comparison, measurement 14. Building/Creation: concept formation, verbal invention, physical construction,