From: Sent: Thursday, April 20, 2017 12:02 AM To: Jeffrey Epstein Subject: Plants H= Not sure how to think about the=neurobiology of plants. There is a robust bunch of literature on how plant=cells are stressed, how they respond and how they build biological resilie=ce along the way. Because they are sessile and can't just call their d=c for a prescription, whatever they do has to be relatively simple and par= of a very basic process that either displaces, overcomes, outdoes or modi=ies a stressor to make it manageable. Plants don't have nerves per se but they have cells that behave in a =imilar way for similar purposes as our nerves. Plants do use what we call =eurotransmitters catecholamines like dopamine and norepi- they have t=ns of acetylcholine and the same degradation pathways, and even the same g=utamate pathways and receptors humans do. And, more. Classes of movements are common to almost all plants, just=as with humans. Darwin described them pretty well. Breakdown in these move=ent systems can look similar in humans - we just have more types of motion=to deal with than plants ... like when we get dopamine deficient in Parkin=on or atrophied alpha motor neurons in ALS. They have similar problems in =heir motor systems, and usually they overcome them if they can adapt to or=beat the stressor. Plants also have =emory (used mostly for growth and reproduction) and some think different t=pes of cognition too. While glutamate is a big player in that process, it =sn't the only one. Some of the chemicals have also evolved to serve si=ilar functions, including a lot of similarity in core function between chl=rophyll and melanin. Chlorophyll serves to capture light and create energy= the core function require to sustain a sessile plant. Melanin becomes dop=mine, which allows humans to move and somehow plays other more important r=les that we don't yet understand as the melanocytes are derived from n=ural crest cells (high priced embryologic