From: Joscha Bach < Sent: Monday, March 6, 2017 10:53 PM To: Jeffrey Epstein Subject: Re: Octopi =ave a reputation for extreme creativity, i.e. they can observe things =n their environment, simulate them mentally in several ways, come up =ith a solution and then enact it. Virus =ntelligence is an emergent thing, over many viruses. The individual =irus either succeeds or fails. A virus is like a thought, not like a =ind. Am =ar 6, 2017 um 5:50 PM schrieb Jeffrey E. <[email protected]>: watch the octupus, find its prey, is it =reative.? is it intelligent? are virus =reatvie? finding new methods to infect the host. = hackers On Mon, =ar 6, 2017 at 6:47 PM, Joscha Bach < > wrote: It seems that =uch of what we call intelligence could be described as detecting causal =tructure in a domain. Causality means that you have a model that tells =ou how change of a condition will influence the distribution of =utcomes. Of course, crabs do that too, to an extent. When I was in Munich, a patent lawyer =hallenged me to come up with a definition of creativity from a machine =earning perspective. He has to judge the originality of inventions, and =omething that a domain expert can come up with "naturally"=does not count as an invention, even if it has never been done =efore. Learning =ystems tend to move along gradients, and the "natural =olution" of the domain expert can be seen as an extrapolation =f the solution space along the known gradients, until an optimum is =ound. Creativity seems to involve crossing discontinuities in the =roblem space, i.e. do more than follow the gradients. It is not magic, =f course; you can use evolutionary methods/Monte Carlo etc., but you rind that many domain experts are capable without being =reative. Can we measure the ability of different animals for =reativity? Am Mar 6, 2017 um 3:23 PM schrieb jeffrey E. <[email protected]>: i see it as a complex =ystem agents are building many things. dependent on the =ocal