Domestic institutional investors were net buyers of real estate in the first half of 2016. As equity markets tumbled and credit spreads widened in January and February. fears mounted that investors would reverse course in order to rebalance portfolios — the so-called "denominator effect". However, now that equity prices have bounced to all- time highs and fixed-income yields have retreated, it seems likely that any pullback will prove fleeting and could give way to stronger inflows. Foreigners' appetite for U.S. commercial real estate is undiminished. Direct cross-border investment (excluding capital channeled through domestic funds or REITs) accounted for 17% of transaction volume in 2015, double its 15-year average .1' In ou€ view, several factors will continue to drive heavy foreign inflows, including negative interest rates in many developed economies, America's relatively strong economy and reputation as a safe haven, and legislative changes that will exempt most foreign pensions from the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tex Act (FIRPTA). 3.2 Public and Private Debt The volume of commercial (including multifamily) mortgage debt outstanding increased 6.7% year-over-year in the first quarter 2016. down slightly from 7.1% in the fourth quarter 2015 (see Exhibit 5). Mortgage growth was led by banks, which represent about 50% of the market. Life insurers and government-sponsored entities (primarily Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) also aggressively expanded their mortgage books. The major outlier was CMBS, where outstanding balances declined 6% year-over-year: CMBS issuance of $18 billion in the first quarter 2016, down from a quarterly average of $24 billion in 2015, was not enough to offset the volume of securities that were retired (through maturity, prepayment, or default).'s Exhibit 5: Growth in Mortgage Debt Outstanding 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% -4% -6% -8% 10.8% -5.6% CMBS Banks 9 9% Life Insurers 9 3% Government- Sponsore