ac ;New Uork Zimes The Stimulus Tragedy Paul Krugman: 02/20/2014 Five years have passed since President Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act — the "stimulus" — into law. With the passage of time, it has become clear that the act did a vast amount of good. It helped end the economy's plunge; it created or saved millions of jobs; it left behind an important legacy of public and private investment. It was also a political disaster. And the consequences of that political disaster — the perception that stimulus failed — have haunted economic policy ever since. Let's start with the good the stimulus did. The case for stimulus was that we were suffering from a huge shortfall in overall spending, and that the hit to the economy from the financial crisis and the bursting of the housing bubble was so severe that the Federal Reserve, which normally fights recessions by cutting short-term interest rates, couldn't overcome this slump on its own. The idea, then, was to provide a temporary boost both by having the government directly spend more and by using tax cuts and public aid to boost family incomes, inducing more private spending. Opponents of stimulus argued vociferously that deficit spending would send interest rates skyrocketing, "crowding out" private spending. Proponents responded, however, that crowding out — a real issue when the economy is near full employment — wouldn't happen in a deeply depressed economy, awash in excess capacity and excess savings. And stimulus supporters were right: far from soaring, interest rates fell to historic lows. What about positive evidence for the benefits of stimulus? That's trickier, because it's hard to disentangle the effects of the Recovery Act from all the other things that were going on at the time. Nonetheless, most careful studies have found evidence of strong positive effects on employment and output. Even more important, I'd argue, is the huge natural experiment Europe has provided