From: Jeffrey Epstein <jeevacationggmail.com> To: Boris Nikolic < Subject: Re: Peace Institute in Vienna Date: Sun, 02 Sep 2012 23:57:15 +0000 Health The planet is facing challenges to biological security, including pandemic diseases (like malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS), resurgent diseases (like SARS), or accidental or deliberately perpetrated outbreaks. Several regions suffer from hunger caused by food insecurity or conflict. Some of the world's most vulnerable people face double jeopardy by falling victim to counterfeit medicines. To improve health it is essential to reduce violence and promote peace. As stated in the World Health Organization's Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986), peace is the primary condition for health. Armed conflict, instability, and state fragility claim lives, disrupt livelihoods, and halt delivery of essential services, such as health and education. The relationship among these factors is established, but remains complex. First of all, armed conflict and public health interact in many different ways. Besides the obvious, but important fact that people are killed, injured, disabled, abused or traumatized due to armed conflict, it can be said that in most countries the greatest impacts on civilian mortality are indirect, and nonviolent deaths far outnumber violent ones. In Darfur, 87 percent of civilian deaths between 2003 and 2008 were nonviolent.f1.1 Some indirect effects of armed conflict on global health include: 1) impeding access of health professionals and humanitarian agencies to populations in need (conflict-affected countries have on average less than one health professional per 10,000 people); 2) "flight" of health professionals from conflict zones for safety issues (health workers are often targeted by government security forces as well); 3) lack of supplies and basic equipments in hospitals and clinics in conflict zones, as well as uneasy access to health facilities for population in needs,